tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558845152592714462024-03-05T15:49:10.482-08:00Water, Plants and Fish? "Water, Plants and Fish?" Plus Much Much More! It is Not Just Another Aquaponic's Gardening Blog! Brought to you by Poetry Writes & Other Stuff from Sinbad the Sailor ManAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.comBlogger62125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-14788849880094912942016-08-02T20:04:00.000-07:002016-08-02T20:20:12.998-07:00Guess Who Just Figured Out He Could Embed His Instagram Images?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span data-offset-key="drlhr-0-0"><span data-text="true">Looking Back at the Cowlaflower as Starts right after I planted it. These were all in One Flat some where two and three plants to a section once separated and Planted I had fifty! </span></span><br />
<br />
<span data-offset-key="drlhr-0-0"><span data-text="true">I lost two and ended up with 48. I still have 48. One of those I lost is because I stepped upon it when I lost my balance. </span></span><br />
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<span data-offset-key="drlhr-0-0"><span data-text="true">So these are pretty hearty But I did learn that you should cover these with a net to keep the Moths from laying their eggs on them it is just a simple plastic net that looks kinda like a fruit bag for Oranges. It is light weight you just lay it atop the plants and the moths leave them alone. I will try that next year.</span></span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-79903693113720672372016-07-17T18:58:00.001-07:002016-07-31T08:06:15.321-07:00Onions. How To Grow, When To Harvest, How To Harvest, Storage. The life ...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
The <b>onion</b> (<i>Allium cepa</i> L., from Latin <i>cepa</i> "onion"), also known as the <b>bulb onion</b> or <b>common onion</b>, is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a></i>.<br />
<br />
This genus also contains several other species variously referred to
as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum">Allium fistulosum</a></i>), the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_onion" title="Tree onion">tree onion</a> (<i>A.</i> ×<i>proliferum</i>), and the Canada onion (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Allium canadense</a></i>).<br />
<br />
The name "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_onion_%28disambiguation%29" title="Wild onion (disambiguation)">wild onion</a>" is applied to a number of <i>Allium</i> species, but <i>A. cepa</i>
is exclusively known from cultivation.<br />
<br />
Its ancestral wild original form
is not known, although escapes from cultivation have become established
in some regions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The onion is most frequently a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial</a> or a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant" title="Perennial plant">perennial plant</a>, but is usually treated as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> and harvested in its first growing season.<br />
<br />
The onion plant has a fan of hollow, bluish-green leaves and the bulb
at the base of the plant begins to swell when a certain day-length is
reached.<br />
<br />
In the autumn (or in spring, in the case of overwintering
onions), the foliage dies down and the outer layers of the bulb become
dry and brittle.<br />
<br />
The crop is harvested and dried and the onions are
ready for use or storage.<br />
<br />
The crop is prone to attack by a number of
pests and diseases, particularly the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delia_antiqua" title="Delia antiqua">onion fly</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditylenchus_dipsaci" title="Ditylenchus dipsaci">onion eelworm</a>, and various fungi cause rotting.<br />
<br />
Some varieties of <i>A. cepa</i>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallot" title="Shallot">shallots</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_onion" title="Potato onion">potato onions</a>, produce multiple bulbs.<br />
<br />
Onions are cultivated and used around the world. As a food item, they are usually served cooked, as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a> or part of a prepared savoury dish, but can also be eaten raw or used to make <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_onion" title="Pickled onion">pickles</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutneys</a>.<br />
<br />
They are pungent when chopped and contain certain chemical substances which irritate the eyes.<br />
<br />
Onion
<br />
<table class="infobox biota"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #b4fab4; text-align: center;"><br /></th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mixed_onions.jpg"><img alt="Mixed onions.jpg" data-file-height="2797" data-file-width="2797" height="220" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Mixed_onions.jpg/220px-Mixed_onions.jpg" width="220" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background-color: #b4fab4; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_%28biology%29" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="float: right; font-size: smaller; margin-left: -3em; padding-right: 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Allium" title="e"><img alt="e" data-file-height="16" data-file-width="16" height="16" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" width="16" /></a></span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subfamily:</td>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allioideae" title="Allioideae">Allioideae</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:</td>
<td><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a></i></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Species:</td>
<td><span class="species"><i><b>A. cepa</b></i></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background-color: #b4fab4; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Allium cepa</i></span></b><br />
<small><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background-color: #b4fab4; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_%28taxonomy%29" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame1" style="border: none; padding: 0;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background: transparent; font-size: 105%; text-align: left;">
<small>Species synonymy</small></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARS_red_onion.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2700" data-file-width="1836" height="324" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ARS_red_onion.jpg/220px-ARS_red_onion.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
Roots, leaves and developing bulb<br />
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zwiebelbluete_1.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2349" data-file-width="2355" height="219" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Zwiebelbluete_1.jpg/220px-Zwiebelbluete_1.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
Umbel of onion flowers<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy_and_etymology">Taxonomy and etymology</span></h2>
The onion plant (<i>Allium cepa</i>), also known as the bulb onion<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> or common onion,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rabinowitch_and_Currah_4-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-Rabinowitch_and_Currah-4">[4]</a></sup> is the most widely cultivated species of the genus <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium" title="Allium">Allium</a>.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Eric_Block_2010_5-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-Eric_Block_2010-5">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><br />
<br />
It was first officially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his 1753 work <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><br />
<br />
A number of synonyms have appeared in its taxonomic history:<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>aggregatum</i> – G. Don</li>
<li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>bulbiferum</i> – Regel</li>
<li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>cepa</i> – Linnaeus</li>
<li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>multiplicans</i> – L.H. Bailey</li>
<li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>proliferum</i> – (Moench) Regel</li>
<li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>solaninum</i> – Alef</li>
<li><i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>viviparum</i> – (Metz) Mansf.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<i>A. cepa</i> is known exclusively from cultivation,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> but related wild species occur in Central Asia. The most closely related species include <i>A. vavilovii</i> (Popov & Vved.) and <i>A. asarense</i> (R.M. Fritsch & Matin) from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-prota_11-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-prota-11">[11]</a></sup><br />
<br />
However, Zohary and Hopf state that "there are doubts whether the <i>A. vavilovii</i> collections tested represent genuine wild material or only <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_organism" title="Feral organism">feral</a> derivatives of the crop."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The vast majority of cultivars of <i>A. cepa</i> belong to the "common onion group" (<i>A. cepa</i> var. <i>cepa</i>) and are usually referred to simply as "onions". T<br />
<br />
he Aggregatum group of cultivars (<i>A. cepa</i> var. <i>aggregatum</i>) includes both shallots and potato onions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rabinowitch_20-21_13-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-Rabinowitch_20-21-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The genus <i>Allium</i> also contains a number of other species
variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the
Japanese bunching onion (<i>A. fistulosum</i>), Egyptian onion (<i>A.</i> ×<i>proliferum</i>), and Canada onion (<i>A. canadense</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rabinowitch_and_Currah_4-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-Rabinowitch_and_Currah-4">[4]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<i>Cepa</i> is commonly accepted as Latin for "onion" and has an affinity with Ancient Greek: κάπια (<i>kápia</i>), Albanian: <i>qepë</i>, Aromanian: <i>tseapã</i>, Catalan: <i>ceba</i>, English: chive, Occitan: <i>ceba</i>, Old French: <i>cive</i>, and Romanian: <i>ceapă</i>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2>
<br />
The onion plant has been grown and selectively bred in cultivation for at least 7,000 years. It is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial plant</a>,
but is usually grown as an annual.<br />
<br />
Modern varieties typically grow to a
height of 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in).<br />
<br />
The leaves are yellowish-green and
grow alternately in a flattened, fan-shaped swathe.<br />
<br />
They are fleshy,
hollow, and cylindrical, with one flattened side.<br />
<br />
They are at their
broadest about a quarter of the way up beyond which they taper towards a
blunt tip.<br />
<br />
The base of each leaf is a flattened, usually white sheath
that grows out of a <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basal_disc&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Basal disc (page does not exist)">basal disc</a>.<br />
<br />
From the underside of the disc, a bundle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_root_system" title="Fibrous root system">fibrous roots</a>
extends for a short way into the soil.<br />
<br />
As the onion matures, food
reserves begin to accumulate in the leaf bases and the bulb of the onion
swells.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RHS_14-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-RHS-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In the autumn, the leaves die back and the outer scales of the bulb
become dry and brittle, and this is when the crop is normally harvested.<br />
<br />
If left in the soil over winter, the growing point in the middle of the
bulb begins to develop in the spring.<br />
<br />
New leaves appear and a long,
stout, hollow stem expands, topped by a bract protecting a developing
inflorescence.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_use">Historical use</span></h3>
<br />
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> takes the form of a globular <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">umbel</a> of white flowers with parts in sixes.<br />
<br />
The seeds are glossy black and triangular in cross section.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RHS_14-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-RHS-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Bulbs from the onion family are thought to have been used as a food source for millennia.<br />
<br />
In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> settlements, traces of onion remains were found alongside <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date</a> stones and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">fig</a> remains that date back to 5000 BC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-selfsufficientish_15-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-selfsufficientish-15">[15]</a></sup><br />
<br />
However, it is not clear if these were cultivated onions.<br />
<br />
Archaeological and literary evidence such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> 11:5 suggests that onions were probably being cultivated around 2000 years later in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, at the same time that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leeks</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a> were cultivated.<br />
<br />
Workers who built the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a> may have been fed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radish" title="Radish">radishes</a> and onions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-selfsufficientish_15-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-selfsufficientish-15">[15]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The onion is easily propagated, transported, and stored.<br />
<br />
The ancient
Egyptians revered the onion bulb, viewing its spherical shape and
concentric rings as symbols of eternal life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onions-usa_16-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-onions-usa-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Onions were even used in Egyptian burials, as evidenced by onion traces being found in the eye sockets of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, athletes ate large quantities of onion because it was believed to lighten the balance of the blood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onions-usa_16-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-onions-usa-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Roman <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiators</a> were rubbed down with onions to firm up their muscles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onions-usa_16-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-onions-usa-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, onions were such an important food that people would pay their rent with onions, and even give them as gifts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onions-usa_16-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-onions-usa-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Doctors were known to prescribe onions to facilitate bowel movements and erections, and to relieve headaches, coughs, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakebite" title="Snakebite">snakebite</a>, and hair loss.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onions-usa_16-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-onions-usa-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Onions were taken by the first European settlers to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, where the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>
were already using wild onions in a number of ways, eating them raw or
cooked in a variety of foods.<br />
<br />
They also used them to make into syrups,
to form <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultice" title="Poultice">poultices</a>, and in the preparation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>.<br />
<br />
According to diaries kept by the colonists, bulb onions were one of the first things planted by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrim_fathers" title="Pilgrim fathers">Pilgrim fathers</a> when they cleared the land for cropping.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-onions-usa_16-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-onions-usa-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Onions were also prescribed by doctors in the early 16th century to
help with infertility in women.<br />
<br />
They were similarly used to raise
fertility levels in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, but this was an error, as recent research has shown that onions are toxic to dogs, cats, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">guinea pigs</a>, and many other animals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cope2005_18-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-Cope2005-18">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Salgado2011_19-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-Salgado2011-19">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bare_url_20-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion#cite_note-bare_url-20">[20]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frying_onion.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="2048" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Frying_onion.JPG/220px-Frying_onion.JPG" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
Sautéing onions<br />
<br />
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Field_with_onions.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1920" data-file-width="2560" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Field_with_onions.jpg/220px-Field_with_onions.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
Large-scale cultivation<br />
<br />
<br />
Check Out The Wikipedia Page for the rest of the story on Onions<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Source: Wikipedia.org https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
TTFN<br />
CYA Later Taters!<br />
Thanks for stopping by.<br />
<br />
Donnie/ Sinbad the Sailor Man</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-83639212778776198742016-07-07T15:45:00.002-07:002016-07-07T15:45:34.073-07:00Aquaponics Basement System Organic/ Food 10 Tips Update Part 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/I22WVyCdgdA" width="480"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Urban agriculture</b> is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> in or around a village, town, or city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Urban agriculture can also involve <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>. These activities also occur in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urban" title="Peri-urban">peri-urban</a> areas as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-otherurbanag_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-otherurbanag-2">[2] </a></sup><br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-otherurbanag_2-0"><br /></sup>
Urban farming is generally practiced for income-earning or
food-producing activities, though in some communities the main impetus
is recreation and relaxation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Urban agriculture contributes to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a>
in two ways: first, it increases the amount of food available to people
living in cities, and second, it allows fresh vegetables, fruits, and
meat products to be made available to urban consumers. It decreases <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">food deserts</a>.<br />
<br />
A common and efficient form of urban agriculture is the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biointensive" title="Biointensive">biointensive</a>
method. Because urban agriculture promotes energy-saving local food
production, urban and peri-urban agriculture are generally seen as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a>.
Another aspect of urban farming, especially in densely populated
American cities, is the use of grow-bags to raise a wide range of crops.<br />
<br />
Many apartment dwellers with no yards to speak of, or people with very
small yards, will set up these bags on a balcony or thin strip of land.
Also, many types of hanging bags are available to plant, expanding the
area available for planting.<br />
<br />
The bags themselves are made from a variety
of materials, including canvas, weed barrier fabric, and polyester, all
having semi-porus properties so the soil can drain adequately. The term
"Bagriculture" was coined in 1998 by Los Angeles animator and amateur
archaeologist Rudy Zappa Martinez to describe this type of agriculture.<br />
<br />
The recognition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> within cities through the relocation of resources to serve urban populations<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
has inspired the implementation of different schemes of urban
agriculture across the developed and developing world. From historic
models such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> to designs for new productive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_farm" title="City farm">city farms</a>, the idea of locating agriculture in or around the city takes on many characteristics.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist"><tbody>
<tr><td class="" style="padding: 0.4em 0;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg"><img alt="Maler der Grabkammer des Sennudem 001.jpg" height="144" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg/220px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg" width="220" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="" style="font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="" style="padding: 0.1em;">General</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="" style="padding: 0 0.1em 0.4em;"><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_farming" title="Factory farming">Factory farming</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">Industrial agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Ministries</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock-free_agriculture" title="Stock-free agriculture">Stock-free agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities</a></li>
<li><b class="selflink">Urban agriculture</b></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="" style="padding: 0.1em;">History</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="" style="padding: 0 0.1em 0.4em;"><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">History of organic farming</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Revolution_%28Agriculture%29" title="Green Revolution (Agriculture)">Green Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="" style="padding: 0.1em;">Types</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="" style="padding: 0 0.1em 0.4em;"><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_husbandry" title="Sheep husbandry">Sheep husbandry</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">Slash-and-burn</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th class="" style="padding: 0.1em;">Categories</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="" style="padding: 0 0.1em 0.4em;"><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="" style="font-weight: bold; padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;"><ul>
<li><img alt="Portal icon" height="24" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Farmer_plowing_in_Fahrenwalde%2C_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern%2C_Germany.jpg/32px-Farmer_plowing_in_Fahrenwalde%2C_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern%2C_Germany.jpg" width="32" /> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Agropedia" title="Portal:Agropedia">Agropedia portal</a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg/250px-New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg" width="250" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_crops-Chicago_urban_farm.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
An urban farm in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="167" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg/250px-Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg" width="250" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urban_agriculture_in_Amsterdam.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
A small urban farm in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History"> </span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HuertoRomita03.JPG"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/HuertoRomita03.JPG/220px-HuertoRomita03.JPG" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HuertoRomita03.JPG" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.21wmf11/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>
Huerto (vegetable garden or orchard) Romita) organization dedicated to urban agriculture located in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Romita" title="La Romita">La Romita</a> section of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Roma" title="Colonia Roma">Colonia Roma</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.</div>
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
Community wastes were used in ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to feed urban farming.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-burlington_2005_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-burlington_2005-5">[5]</a></sup> In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>
water was conserved and reused as part of the stepped architecture of
the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to
prolong the growing season.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-burlington_2005_5-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-burlington_2005-5">[5]</a></sup> <br />
<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotment_garden" title="Allotment garden">Allotment gardens</a> came up in Germany in the early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory gardens</a>
sprouted during WWI and WWII and were fruit, vegetable, and herb
gardens in US, Canada, and UK.<br />
<br />
This effort was undertaken by citizens to
reduce pressure on food production that was to support the war effort. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_garden" title="Community garden">Community gardening</a>
in most communities are open to the public and provide space for
citizens to cultivate plants for food or recreation. A community
gardening program that is well-established is Seattle's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Patch" title="P-Patch">P-Patch</a>.<br />
<br />
The grass roots <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a> movement has been hugely influential in the renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world.<br />
<br />
The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming
operations and distant imports is not new and has been used during war
times and the Great Depression when food shortage issues arose. As early
as 1893, citizens of a depression-struck <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> were asked to use any vacant lots to grow vegetables.<br />
<br />
They were nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after the mayor, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen_S._Pingree" title="Hazen S. Pingree">Hazen S. Pingree</a>,
who came up with the idea. He intended for these gardens to produce
income, food supply, and even boost self independence during times of
hardship. During the first World War president Woodrow Wilson called
upon all American citizens to utilize any available open space for food
growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging
situation.<br />
<br />
Because most of Europe was consumed with war, they were
unable to produce sufficient food supplies to be shipped to the U.S.,
and a new plan was implemented with the intent to feed the U.S. and even
supply a surplus to other countries in need. By the year 1919 over 5
million plots were growing food and over 500 million pounds of produce
was harvested.<br />
<br />
A very similar practice came into use during the Great
Depression that provided a purpose, a job, and food to those who would
otherwise be without anything during such harsh times. In this case
these efforts helped to raise spirits socially as well as to boost
economical growth.<br />
<br />
Over 2.8 million dollars worth of food was produced
from the subsistence gardens during the Depression. By the time of the
Second World War the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory
Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning
agriculture within cities.<br />
<br />
With this new plan in action, as many as 5.5
million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over 9
million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for
44% of U.S.-grown produce throughout that time. With its past success
in mind and with modern technology, urban agriculture today can be
something to help both developed and developing nations.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Facts">Facts </span></h2>
<ul>
<li>50% of the world's population lives in cities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li>800 million people are involved in urban agriculture world-wide and contribute to feeding urban residents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li>Low income urban dwellers spend between 40% and 60% of their income on food each year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
<li>By 2015 about 26 cities in the world are expected to have a
population of 10 million or more. To feed a city of this size at least
6,000 tonnes (6,600 tons) of food must be imported each day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></li>
<li>250 million hungry people in the world live in cities<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"> </sup></li>
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A tidy front yard flower and vegetable garden in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretxabaleta" title="Aretxabaleta">Aretxabaleta</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_%28autonomous_community%29" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a></div>
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Resource_and_economic">Resource and economic</span></h3>
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), has defined urban agriculture as:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<blockquote>
[A]n industry that produces, processes and markets food and fuel,
largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town,
city, or metropolis, on land and water dispersed throughout the urban
and peri-urban area, applying intensive production methods, using and
reusing natural resources and urban wastes to yield a diversity of crops
and livestock.</blockquote>
The definition of urban agriculture as an industry that responds to
the nutritional demands of a city, from within that city, with the use
and reuse of that city's resources while acknowledging economic and
resource use does not reconcile aspects of regional health, food
security, and application of grassroots organizations.<br />
(This definition is based on the work of Luc Mougeot of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Research_Centre" title="International Development Research Centre">International Development Research Centre</a>
and used in technical and training publications by UN-HABITAT's Urban
Management Programme, FAO's Special Programme for Food Security, and
international agricultural research centres, such as CIRAD.)<br />
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<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg/220px-Ezhou-train-station-0109.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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A vegetable garden in the square in front of the train station in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezhou" title="Ezhou">Ezhou</a>, China</div>
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental">Environmental</span></h3>
The Council on Agriculture, Science and Technology, (CAST) is an
international consortium of scientific and professional societies based
in Ames Iowa that compiles and communicates credible science-based
information to policy makers, media, private sector, and the public.
CAST defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental
health, remediation, and recreation:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
<blockquote>
Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of
interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the
production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a
multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely
acknowledged and documented. These include recreation and leisure;
economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and
well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification;
and environmental restoration and remediation.</blockquote>
Modern planning and design initiatives are more responsive to this
model of urban agriculture because it fits within the current scope of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">sustainable design</a>.
The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across
cultures and time. Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build
sustainable cities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-ReferenceA-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Food_security">Food security</span></h3>
Access to nutritious food is another perspective in the effort to
locate food and livestock production in cities. With the tremendous
influx of world population to urban areas, the need for fresh and safe
food is increased. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Food_Security_Coalition" title="Community Food Security Coalition">Community Food Security Coalition</a> (CFSC) defines <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> as:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><br />
<blockquote>
All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable,
nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all
times.</blockquote>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Source: Wikipedia </h4>
<br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">TTFN</span></b></sup></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">CYA Later Taters</span></b></sup></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Thanks for watching.</span></b></sup></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Donnie/ Sinbad the Sailor Man </span></b> </sup></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
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</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-89633791788834222592016-07-07T15:35:00.000-07:002016-07-07T15:35:21.322-07:00Aquaponics Basement System Organic/ Food Grade Overview 101 Part 1 of 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Aquaponics</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɒ/ short 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></a></span><span class="IPA"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;" title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></a></span><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> or <b>pisciponics</b> is a sustainable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">food production</a> system that combines a traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> (raising <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a> such as snails, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a> in tanks) with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a> (cultivating plants in water) in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> environment.<br />
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In aquaculture, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">effluents</a> accumulate in the water, increasing toxicity for the fish. This water is led to a hydroponic system where the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> from the aquaculture are broken down by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_Cycle" title="Nitrogen Cycle">nitrogen fixing bacteria</a>, then filtered out by the plants as vital nutrients, after which the cleansed water is recirculated back to the animals.<br />
<br />
As existing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponic</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>
farming techniques form the basis for all aquaponics systems, the size,
complexity, and types of foods grown in an aquaponics system can vary
as much as any system found in either distinct farming discipline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI_1-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI-1">[1]</a></sup><br />
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History"> </span></h2>
Aquaponics has ancient roots, although there is some debate on its first occurrence:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> cultivated agricultural islands known as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampas</a></i> and are considered by some as the first form of aquaponics for agricultural use<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
where plants were raised on stationary (and sometime movable) islands
in lake shallows and waste materials dredged from the Chinampa canals
and surrounding cities are used to manually irrigate the plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li>South <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> who cultivated and farmed rice in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> in combination with fish are cited as examples of early aquaponics. These <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polycultural</a> farming systems existed in many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern</a> countries and raised fish such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misgurnus_anguillicaudatus" title="Misgurnus anguillicaudatus">oriental loach</a> (泥鳅, ドジョウ),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopterus_albus" title="Monopterus albus">swamp eel</a> (黄鳝, 田鰻), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">Common</a> (鯉魚, コイ) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian carp</a> (鯽魚)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparidae" title="Viviparidae">pond snails</a> (田螺) in the paddies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mcmurtry1988_8-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-mcmurtry1988-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
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Diagram of the University of the Virgin Islands commercial aquaponics system designed to yield 5 metric tons of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a> per year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI1_10-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI1-10">[10]</a></sup><br />
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The development of modern aquaponics is often attributed to the various works of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alchemy_Institute" title="New Alchemy Institute">New Alchemy Institute</a> and the works of Dr. Mark McMurtry et al. at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI_1-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI-1">[1]</a></sup><br />
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Inspired by the successes of the New Alchemy Institute, and the
reciprocating aquaponics techniques developed by Dr. Mark McMurtry et
al., other institutes soon followed suit.<br />
<br />
Starting in 1997, Dr. James
Rakocy and his colleagues at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="University of the Virgin Islands">University of the Virgin Islands</a> researched and developed the use of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Water_Culture" title="Deep Water Culture">Deep Water Culture</a> hydroponic grow beds in a large scale aquaponics system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI1_10-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI1-10">[10]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The first aquaponics research in Canada was a small system added onto existing aquaculture research at a research station in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>,
Alberta.<br />
<br />
Canada saw a rise in aquaponics setups throughout the ’90s,
predominantly as commercial installations raising high value crops such
as trout and lettuce.<br />
<br />
A setup based on the deep water system developed
at the University of Virgin Islands was built in a greenhouse at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks,_Alberta" title="Brooks, Alberta">Brooks, Alberta</a>
where Dr. Nick Savidov and colleagues researched aquaponics from a
background of plant science.<br />
<br />
The team made findings on rapid root growth
in aquaponics systems, on closing the solid waste loop, and that
because of certain advantages in the system over traditional
aquaculture, the system can run well at a low pH level, which is
favoured by plants but not fish.<br />
<br />
The Edmonton Aquaponics Society in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Alberta" title="Northern Alberta">Northern Alberta</a>
is adapting Dr. Savidov's commercially sized system to a smaller scale
prototype that can be operated by families, small groups, or
restaurants. They intend to further develop the closed solid waste loop.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><br />
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Vegetable production part of the low-cost Backyard Aquaponics System developed at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Agricultural_University" title="Bangladesh Agricultural University">Bangladesh Agricultural University</a><br />
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The Caribbean island of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>
created an initiative to start aquaponics systems at home, with revenue
generated by selling produce to tourists in an effort to reduce growing
dependence on imported food.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bishop2009_13-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-bishop2009-13">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_highly_populated_countries" title="List of most highly populated countries">world's most densely populated country</a>, most farmers use <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemicals" title="Agrochemicals">agrochemicals</a>
to enhance food production and storage life though the country lacks
oversight on safe levels of chemicals in foods for human consumption.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><br />
<br />
To combat this issue a team led by Professor Dr. M.A. Salam at the Department of Aquaculture of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Agricultural_University" title="Bangladesh Agricultural University">Bangladesh Agricultural University</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>
has created plans for a low cost aquaponics system to provide chemical
free produce and fish for people living in adverse climatic conditions
such as salinity-prone southern part and flood-prone <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haor" title="Haor">haor</a> area in the eastern region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Recent years have seen a shift towards community integration of aquaponics, such as the nonprofit foundation <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Power" title="Growing Power">Growing Power</a> that offers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>
youth job opportunities and training while growing food for their
community.<br />
<br />
The model has spawned several satellite projects in other
cities, such as New Orleans where the Vietnamese fisherman community has
suffered from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>, and in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aquaponics_being_taught_in_Vietnamese_community_18-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-Aquaponics_being_taught_in_Vietnamese_community-18">[18]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In addition, aquaponic gardeners from all around the world have
gathered in online community sites and forums to openly share their
experiences and promote the development of this form of gardening.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19">Source: Wikipedia.org</sup></h4>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">More
to come on This and Hopefully I will have some of my own videos to show
on my attempt at building a working open air Aquaponics system this
year.</span></b></sup></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-77812901559424823542016-04-14T19:25:00.000-07:002016-04-14T19:25:21.636-07:00Small Home Built Futuristic Self Contained Aquaponics Garden<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Aquaponics this could very well be the garden of the future This and Many versions of It! <br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-12800396424037202862016-01-31T08:35:00.001-08:002016-02-03T23:21:40.619-08:00Growing Basil and Herbs ~Burpee.com<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1 class="b-clp_subcat-slot_title">
Herbs Seeds and Plants</h1>
<h2 class="b-clp_subcat-slot_subtitle">
nothing beats fresh herbs</h2>
Get ready for the surprising taste difference when you use our
flavorful, fresh herbs from your home garden. Everyday dishes take on
richer flavor and aroma. Whether you grow herbs for cooking, healing,
fragrance, crafts or garden display, they are one of the easiest plants
to grow.<br />
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<div class="b-clp_subcat-list">
<div class="b-clp_subcat-item">
<img alt="Basil" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dwe5bc0346/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5010_Basil.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/basil/">Basil</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
</div>
<div class="b-clp_subcat-item">
<img alt="Cilantro" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dw14c31a15/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5080_Cilantro.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/cilantro/">Cilantro</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
</div>
<div class="b-clp_subcat-item">
<img alt="Container Herbs" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dwa6f85c1f/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5290_Container-Herbs.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/container-herbs/">Container Herbs</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
</div>
<div class="b-clp_subcat-item">
<img alt="Customer Favorite Herbs" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dwa2b1f83a/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5310_Customer-Favorite-Herbs.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/customer-favorite-herbs/">Customer Favorite Herbs</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
</div>
<div class="b-clp_subcat-item">
<img alt="Heirloom Herbs" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dw63ab266b/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Heirlooms/CATID-5320_Heirloom-Herbs.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/heirloom-herbs/">Heirloom Herbs</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
</div>
<div class="b-clp_subcat-item">
<img alt="Herb Kits" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dw1a931feb/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5120_Garden_Ready_Herb_Kits.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/herb-kits/">Herb Kits</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
</div>
<div class="b-clp_subcat-item">
<img alt="Herb Plants" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dw0160f151/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5130_Herb%20Plants.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/herb-plants/">Herb Plants</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
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<div class="b-clp_subcat-item">
<img alt="Lavender" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dwcce2735f/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5140_Lavender.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/lavender/">Lavender</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
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<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/new-herbs/">New Herbs</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
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<img alt="Organic Herbs" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dw89606c75/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5200_Organic%20Herbs.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/organic-herbs/">Organic Herbs</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
</div>
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<img alt="Parsley" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dw7d77cffa/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5210_Parsley.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/parsley/">Parsley</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
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<img alt="Pet Friendly Herbs" class="b-clp_subcat-item_img" src="http://demandware.edgesuite.net/abaq_prd/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-siteCatalog_Burpee_US/default/dwcf4c6112/Category%20Content%20Images/CLP%20Herbs/CATID-5330_Pet_Friendly_Herbs.jpg" />
<br />
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
<a class="js-adobe-linktrack b-clp_subcat-item_link" data-adobe-id="categorytiles" data-cat-name="Herbs" href="http://www.burpee.com/herbs/pet-friendly-herbs/">Pet Friendly Herbs</a></h4>
<h4 class="b-clp_subcat-item_title">
</h4>
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</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-47747404183383943762016-01-22T13:39:00.003-08:002016-01-23T11:08:27.141-08:00Celine Dion Clings to Son Rene-Charles as She Leaves Visitation for Rene Angelil : People.com<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Céline Dion donned a black veil and looked solemn as she left the Notre-Dame Basilica alongside her son René-Charles Angelil<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-88222790199078618182015-11-21T22:42:00.000-08:002016-02-03T23:27:39.521-08:00Small-Scale Aquaponics System For Hobbyists/Beginners<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<b>Aquaponics</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/ short 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, refers to any system that combines conventional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> (raising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a> such as snails, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a> in tanks) with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a> (cultivating plants in water) in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> environment.<br />
<br />
In normal aquaculture, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretions</a> from the animals being raised can accumulate in the water, increasing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>.<br />
<br />
In an aquaponic system, water from an aquaculture system is fed to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponic</a> system where the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> are broken down by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> into <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrates" title="Nitrates">nitrates</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrites" title="Nitrites">nitrites</a>, which are utilized by the plants as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, and the water is then recirculated back to the aquaculture system.<br />
<br />
As existing hydroponic and aquaculture farming techniques form the
basis for all aquaponics systems, the size, complexity, and types of
foods grown in an aquaponics system can vary as much as any system found
in either distinct farming discipline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI-1">[1]</a></sup><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portable_fish_farm_at_growing_power.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2304" data-file-width="3072" height="188" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portable_fish_farm_at_growing_power.jpg/250px-Portable_fish_farm_at_growing_power.jpg" width="250" /></a>
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A small, portable aquaponics system. The term <i>aquaponics</i> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the terms <i>aquaculture</i> and <i>hydroponic</i> agriculture.<br />
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_hydroculture" title="Historical hydroculture">Historical hydroculture</a></div>
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Aquaponics has ancient roots, although there is some debate on its first occurrence:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> cultivated agricultural islands known as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampas</a></i> in a system considered by some to be the first form of aquaponics for agricultural use<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boutwelluc_2-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-Boutwelluc-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
where plants were raised on stationary (and sometime movable) islands
in lake shallows and waste materials dredged from the Chinampa canals
and surrounding cities were used to manually irrigate the plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boutwelluc_2-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-Boutwelluc-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li>
<li>South <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> who cultivated and farmed rice in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> in combination with fish are cited as examples of early aquaponics systems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> These <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polycultural</a> farming systems existed in many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern</a> countries and raised fish such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misgurnus_anguillicaudatus" title="Misgurnus anguillicaudatus">oriental loach</a> (泥鳅, ドジョウ),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopterus_albus" title="Monopterus albus">swamp eel</a> (黄鳝, 田鰻), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">Common</a> (鯉魚, コイ) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian carp</a> (鯽魚) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparidae" title="Viviparidae">pond snails</a> (田螺) in the paddies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mcmurtry1988_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-mcmurtry1988-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
Floating aquaponics systems on polycultural fish ponds were installed
in China in more recent years on a large scale growing rice, wheat and
canna lily and other crops,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> with some installations exceeding 2.5 acres (10,000 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><br />
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Diagram of the University of the Virgin Islands commercial aquaponics system designed to yield 5 metric tons of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a> per year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI1_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI1-12">[12]</a></sup></div>
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The development of modern aquaponics is often attributed to the various works of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alchemy_Institute" title="New Alchemy Institute">New Alchemy Institute</a> and the works of Dr. Mark McMurtry et al. at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI2_13-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI2-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
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Inspired by the successes of the New Alchemy Institute, and the
reciprocating aquaponics techniques developed by Dr. Mark McMurtry et
al., other institutes soon followed suit.<br />
<br />
Starting in 1997, Dr. James
Rakocy and his colleagues at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="University of the Virgin Islands">University of the Virgin Islands</a> researched and developed the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_water_culture" title="Deep water culture">deep water culture</a> hydroponic grow beds in a large-scale aquaponics system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI1_12-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI1-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
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The first aquaponics research in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> was a small system added onto existing aquaculture research at a research station in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<br />
<br />
Canada saw a rise in aquaponics setups throughout the ’90s,
predominantly as commercial installations raising high-value crops such
as trout and lettuce.<br />
<br />
A setup based on the deep water system developed
at the University of Virgin Islands was built in a greenhouse at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks,_Alberta" title="Brooks, Alberta">Brooks, Alberta</a>
where Dr. Nick Savidov and colleagues researched aquaponics from a
background of plant science.<br />
<br />
The team made findings on rapid root growth
in aquaponics systems and on closing the solid-waste loop, and found
that owing to certain advantages in the system over traditional
aquaculture, the system can run well at a low pH level, which is
favoured by plants but not fish.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Current_examples">Current examples</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BackyardAqauponics@BAU.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="375" data-file-width="500" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BackyardAqauponics%40BAU.jpg/220px-BackyardAqauponics%40BAU.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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Vegetable production part of the low-cost Backyard Aquaponics System developed at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Agricultural_University" title="Bangladesh Agricultural University">Bangladesh Agricultural University</a></div>
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The Caribbean island of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>
created an initiative to start aquaponics systems at home, with revenue
generated by selling produce to tourists in an effort to reduce growing
dependence on imported food.<br />
<br />
In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">world's most densely populated country</a>, most farmers use <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemicals" title="Agrochemicals">agrochemicals</a>
to enhance food production and storage life, though the country lacks
oversight on safe levels of chemicals in foods for human consumption.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<br />
To combat this issue a team led by Professor Dr. M.A. Salam at the Department of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Agricultural_University" title="Bangladesh Agricultural University">Bangladesh Agricultural University</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>
has created plans for a low-cost aquaponics system to provide
chemical-free produce and fish for people living in adverse climatic
conditions such as the salinity-prone southern area and the flood-prone <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haor" title="Haor">haor</a> area in the eastern region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
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Dr. Salam's work innovates a form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farming</a>
for micro-production goals at the community and personal levels whereas
design work by Chowdhury and Graff was aimed exclusively at the
commercial level, the latter of the two approaches take advantage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>.<br />
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With more than a third of Palestinian agricultural lands in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> turned into a buffer zone by Israel, an aquaponic gardening system is developed appropriate for use on rooftops in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><br />
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There has been a shift towards community integration of aquaponics, such as the nonprofit foundation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Power" title="Growing Power">Growing Power</a> that offers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>
youth job opportunities and training while growing food for their
community.<br />
<br />
The model has spawned several satellite projects in other
cities, such as New Orleans where the Vietnamese fisherman community has
suffered from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>, and in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><br />
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<br />
<a class="external text" href="http://whisperingroots.org/" rel="nofollow">Whispering Roots</a> is a non-profit organization in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>
that provides fresh, locally grown, healthy food for socially and
economically disadvantaged communities by using aquaponics, hydroponics
and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming" title="Urban farming">urban farming</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In addition, aquaponic gardeners from all around the world have
gathered in online community sites and forums to share their experiences
and promote the development of this form of gardening<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> as well as creating extensive resources on how to build home systems.<br />
<br />
Recently, aquaponics has been moving towards indoor production
systems.<br />
<br />
In cities like Chicago, entrepreneurs are utilizing vertical
designs to grow food year round.<br />
<br />
These systems can be used to grow food
year round with minimal to no waste. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Components">Components</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquaponics_at_Growing_Power,_Milwaukee.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1944" data-file-width="2592" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Aquaponics_at_Growing_Power%2C_Milwaukee.jpg/220px-Aquaponics_at_Growing_Power%2C_Milwaukee.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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A commercial aquaponics system. </div>
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An electric pump moves <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">effluent</a> rich water from the fish tank through a solids filter to remove particles the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants" title="Plants">plants</a> above cannot absorb. </div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> then provides nutrients for the plants and is cleansed before returning to the fish tank below where the process repeats.</div>
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Aquaponics consists of two main parts, with the aquaculture part for
raising aquatic animals and the hydroponics part for growing plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
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Aquatic effluents, resulting from uneaten feed or raising animals like
fish, accumulate in water due to the closed-system recirculation of most
aquaculture systems.<br />
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The effluent-rich water becomes toxic to the
aquatic animal in high concentrations but this contain <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrients" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> essential for plant growth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
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Although consisting primarily of these two parts, aquaponics systems
are usually grouped into several components or subsystems responsible
for the effective removal of solid wastes, for adding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_%28chemistry%29" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> to neutralize <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, or for maintaining <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_aeration" title="Water aeration">water oxygenation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
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Typical components include:<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Rearing tank</i>: the tanks for raising and feeding the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>;</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></i>: a unit for catching uneaten food and detached <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a>, and for settling out fine particulates;</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">Biofilter</a></i>: a place where the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> can grow and convert <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, which are usable by the plants;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Hydroponics subsystem</i>: the portion of the system where plants are grown by absorbing excess nutrients from the water;</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a></i>: the lowest point in the system where the water flows to and from which it is pumped back to the rearing tanks.</li>
</ul>
Depending on the sophistication and cost of the aquaponics system,
the units for solids removal, biofiltration, and/or the hydroponics
subsystem may be combined into one unit or subsystem,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup> which prevents the water from flowing directly from the aquaculture part of the system to the hydroponics part.<br />
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<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Plants:_hydroponics">Plants: hydroponics</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></div>
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Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizofiltration" title="Rhizofiltration">Rhizofiltration</a></div>
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A Deep Water Culture hydroponics system where plant grow directly into the effluent rich water without a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>
medium. </div>
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Plants can be spaced closer together because the roots do not
need to expand outwards to support the weight of the plant.</div>
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Plant placed into a nutrient rich water channel in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_film_technique" title="Nutrient film technique">Nutrient film technique</a> (NFT) system</div>
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Plants are grown as in hydroponics systems, with their roots immersed
in the nutrient-rich effluent water.<br />
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This enables them to filter out
the ammonia that is toxic to the aquatic animals, or its metabolites.<br />
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After the water has passed through the hydroponic subsystem, it is
cleaned and oxygenated, and can return to the aquaculture vessels.<br />
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This
cycle is continuous. Common aquaponic applications of hydroponic systems
include:<br />
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_water_culture" title="Deep water culture">Deep-water raft</a> aquaponics</i>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoam" title="Styrofoam">styrofoam</a> rafts floating in a relatively deep aquaculture basin in troughs.</li>
<li><i>Recirculating aquaponics</i>: solid media such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> beads, held in a container that is flooded with water from the aquaculture. This type of aquaponics is also known as <i>closed-loop aquaponics</i>.</li>
<li><i>Reciprocating aquaponics</i>: solid media in a container that is
alternately flooded and drained utilizing different types of siphon
drains. This type of aquaponics is also known as <i>flood-and-drain aquaponics</i> or <i>ebb-and-flow aquaponics</i>.</li>
<li>Other systems use towers that are trickle-fed from the top, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_film_technique" title="Nutrient film technique">nutrient film technique</a> channels, horizontal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> pipes with holes for the pots, plastic barrels cut in half with gravel or rafts in them. Each approach has its own benefits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
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Most green <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetables</a> grow well in the hydroponic subsystem, although most profitable are varieties of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">chinese cabbage</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe" title="Cantaloupe">cantaloupe</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell peppers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Other species of vegetables that grow well in an aquaponic system include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">kohlrabi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress" title="Watercress">watercress</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radishes" title="Radishes">radishes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">strawberries</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">parsnips</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbs" title="Herbs">herbs</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
Since plants at different growth stages require different amounts of
minerals and nutrients, plant harvesting is staggered with seedings
growing at the same time as mature plants.<br />
<br />
This ensures stable nutrient
content in the water because of continuous symbiotic cleansing of toxins
from the water.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Animals:_aquaculture">Animals: aquaculture</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquaponics_with_catfish.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1024" data-file-width="1536" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aquaponics_with_catfish.jpg/220px-Aquaponics_with_catfish.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption">
Filtered water from the hydroponics system drains into a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> tank for re-circulation.</div>
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
</div>
Freshwater fish are the most common aquatic animal raised using
aquaponics, although freshwater crayfish and prawns are also sometimes
used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In practice, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> are the most popular fish for home and commercial projects that are intended to raise edible fish, although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barramundi" title="Barramundi">barramundi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidyanus_bidyanus" title="Bidyanus bidyanus">silver perch</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel-tailed_catfish" title="Eel-tailed catfish">eel-tailed catfish</a> or tandanus catfish, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_perch" title="Jade perch">jade perch</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_cod" title="Murray cod">Murray cod</a> are also used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<br />
For temperate climates when there isn't ability or desire to maintain water temperature, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegill" title="Bluegill">bluegill</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> are suitable fish species for home systems.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">Koi</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a> may also be used, if the fish in the system need not be edible.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bacteria">Bacteria</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_Cycle" title="Nitrogen Cycle">Nitrogen Cycle</a></div>
<div class="hatnote">
</div>
Nitrification, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a>
conversion of ammonia into nitrates, is one of the most important
functions in an aquaponics system as it reduces the toxicity of the
water for fish, and allows the resulting nitrate compounds to be removed
by the plants for nourishment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Ammonia is steadily released into the water through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreta</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>
of fish as a product of their metabolism, but must be filtered out of
the water since higher concentrations of ammonia (commonly between 0.5
and 1 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> can kill fish.<br />
<br />
Although plants can absorb ammonia from the water to some degree, nitrates are assimilated more easily,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup> thereby efficiently reducing the toxicity of the water for fish.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Ammonia can be converted into other nitrogenous compounds through healthy populations of:<br />
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosomonas" title="Nitrosomonas">Nitrosomonas</a></i>: bacteria that convert ammonia into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>, and</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrobacter" title="Nitrobacter">Nitrobacter</a></i>: bacteria that convert nitrites into nitrates.</li>
</ul>
In an aquaponics system, the bacteria responsible for this process form a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>
on all solid surfaces throughout the system that are in constant
contact with the water.<br />
<br />
The submerged roots of the vegetables combined
have a large surface area where many bacteria can accumulate.<br />
<br />
Together
with the concentrations of ammonia and nitrites in the water, the
surface area determines the speed with which nitrification takes place.<br />
<br />
Care for these bacterial colonies is important as to regulate the full
assimilation of ammonia and nitrite. This is why most aquaponics systems
include a biofiltering unit, which helps facilitate growth of these <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>.<br />
<br />
Typically, after a system has stabilized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> levels range from 0.25 to 2.0 ppm; nitrite levels range from 0.25 to 1 ppm, and nitrate levels range from 2 to 150 ppm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
During system startup, spikes may occur in the levels of ammonia (up to
6.0 ppm) and nitrite (up to 15 ppm), with nitrate levels peaking later
in the startup phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
Since the nitrification process acidifies the water, non-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> bases such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> can be added for neutralizing the water's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup>
if insufficient quantities are naturally present in the water to
provide a buffer against acidification.<br />
<br />
In addition, selected minerals
or nutrients such as iron can be added in addition to the fish waste
that serves as the main source of nutrients to plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
A good way to deal with solids buildup in aquaponics is the use of
worms, which liquefy the solid organic matter so that it can be utilized
by the plants and/or other animals in the system. For a worm-only
growing method, please see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiponics" title="Vermiponics">Vermiponics</a>.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Operation"> </span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Operation">Operation</span></h2>
The five main inputs to the system are water, oxygen, light, feed
given to the aquatic animals, and electricity to pump, filter, and
oxygenate the water. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_%28biology%29" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">fry</a>
may be added to replace grown fish that are taken out from the system
to retain a stable system.<br />
<br />
In terms of outputs, an aquaponics system may
continually yield plants such as vegetables grown in hydroponics, and
edible aquatic species raised in an aquaculture.<br />
<br />
Typical build ratios
are .5 to 1 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square foot</a>
of grow space for every 1 U.S. gal (3.8 L) of aquaculture water in the
system. 1 U.S. gal (3.8 L) of water can support between .5 lb (0.23 kg)
and 1 lb (0.45 kg) of fish stock depending on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a> and filtration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-purdue_27-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-purdue-27">[27]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Ten primary guiding principles for creating successful aquaponics
systems were issued by Dr. James Rakocy, the director of the aquaponics
research team at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="University of the Virgin Islands">University of the Virgin Islands</a>, based on extensive research done as part of the <i>Agricultural Experiment Station</i> aquaculture program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><br />
<ul>
<li>Use a feeding rate ratio for design calculations</li>
<li>Keep feed input relatively constant</li>
<li>Supplement with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">potassium</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" title="Iron">iron</a></li>
<li>Ensure good <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Remove solids</a></li>
<li>Be careful with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_Aggregate" title="Construction Aggregate">aggregates</a></li>
<li>Oversize pipes</li>
<li>Use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a></li>
<li>Ensure adequate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltration" title="Biofiltration">biofiltration</a></li>
<li>Control <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Feed_source"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Feed_source">Feed source</span></h3>
As in all aquaculture based systems, stock feed usually consists of
fish meal derived from lower-value species.<br />
<br />
Ongoing depletion of wild
fish stocks makes this practice unsustainable. Organic fish feeds may
prove to be a viable alternative that relieves this concern.<br />
<br />
Other
alternatives include growing <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnaoideae" title="Lemnaoideae">duckweed</a> with an aquaponics system that feeds the same fish grown on the system,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> excess worms grown from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculture" title="Vermiculture">vermiculture</a> composting, using prepared kitchen scraps,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> as well as growing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">black soldier fly</a> larvae to feed to the fish using composting grub growers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_31-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-New_York_Times-31">[31]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Water_usage">Water usage</span></h3>
Aquaponic systems do not typically discharge or exchange water under
normal operation, but instead recirculate and reuse water very
effectively.<br />
<br />
The system relies on the relationship between the animals
and the plants to maintain a stable aquatic environment that experience a
minimum of fluctuation in ambient nutrient and oxygen levels.<br />
<br />
Water is
added only to replace water loss from absorption and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> by plants, evaporation into the air from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>, overflow from the system from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a>,
and removal of biomass such as settled solid wastes from the system.<br />
<br />
As
a result, aquaponics uses approximately 2% of the water that a
conventionally irrigated farm requires for the same vegetable
production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
This allows for aquaponic production of both crops and fish in areas
where water or fertile land is scarce. Aquaponic systems can also be
used to replicate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlands#Treatment_wetland" title="Constructed wetlands">controlled wetland</a> conditions.<br />
<br />
Constructed wetlands can be useful for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltration#Wastewater" title="Biofiltration">biofiltration</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Constructed_wetlands" title="Sewage treatment">treatment</a> of typical household <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The nutrient-filled overflow water can be accumulated in catchment
tanks, and reused to accelerate growth of crops planted in soil, or it
may be pumped back into the aquaponic system to top up the water level.<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_usage">Energy usage</span></h3>
Aquaponic installations rely in varying degrees on man-made energy,
technological solutions, and environmental control to achieve re-circulation and water/ambient temperatures.<br />
<br />
However, if a system is
designed with energy conservation in mind, using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_energy" title="Alternative energy">alternative energy</a>
and a reduced number of pumps by letting the water flow downwards as
much as possible, it can be highly energy efficient.<br />
<br />
While careful
design can minimize the risk, aquaponics systems can have multiple
'single points of failure' where problems such as an electrical failure
or a pipe blockage can lead to a complete loss of fish stock.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-29307688391786073492015-11-21T21:06:00.000-08:002016-02-04T08:25:18.093-08:00How to Grow Duckweed<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Duckweeds</b>, or water lens, are flowering <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a> which float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of fresh water and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>.<br />
<br />
Also known as "bayroot," they arose from within the arum or aroid family (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a>),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tam_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-tam-1">[1]</a></sup> and therefore, often are classified as the subfamily <b>Lemnoideae</b> within the Araceae.<br />
<br />
Classifications created prior to the end of the 20th century classify them as a separate family, <b>Lemnaceae</b>.<br />
<br />
These plants are very simple, lacking an obvious stem or leaves.<br />
<br />
The
greater part of each plant is a small organized "thallus" or "frond"
structure only a few cells thick, often with air pockets (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerenchyma" title="Aerenchyma">aerenchyma</a>)
that allow it to float on or just under the water surface.<br />
<br />
Depending on
the species, each plant may have no root or may have one or more simple
rootlets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Reproduction is mostly by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a> budding, which occurs from a meristem enclosed at the base of the frond.<br />
<br />
Occasionally, three tiny "flowers" consisting of two <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamens" title="Stamens">stamens</a> and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistil" title="Pistil">pistil</a> are produced, by which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a> occurs.<br />
<br />
Some view this "flower" as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudanthium" title="Pseudanthium">pseudanthium</a>, or reduced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a>, with three flowers that are distinctly either female or male and which are derived from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadix_%28botany%29" title="Spadix (botany)">spadix</a>
in the Araceae.<br />
<br />
Evolution of the duckweed inflorescence remains
ambiguous due to the considerable evolutionary reduction of these plants
from their earlier relatives.<br />
<br />
The flower of the duckweed genus <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffia" title="Wolffia">Wolffia</a></i> is the smallest known, measuring merely 0.3 mm long.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The fruit produced through this occasional sexual reproduction is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricle_%28fruit%29" title="Utricle (fruit)">utricle</a>, and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> is produced in a sac containing air that facilitates flotation.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table class="infobox biota"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #b4fab4; text-align: center;">Lemnoideae</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duckweeds.jpg"><img alt="Duckweeds.jpg" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1200" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Duckweeds.jpg/220px-Duckweeds.jpg" width="220" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="font-size: 88%; text-align: center;">Close-up of two different duckweed types: <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirodela_polyrrhiza" title="Spirodela polyrrhiza">Spirodela polyrrhiza</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffia_globosa" title="Wolffia globosa">Wolffia globosa</a></i>. The latter are less than 2 mm long.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background-color: #b4fab4; text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_%28biology%29" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:</td>
<td><span class="kingdom" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae">Plantae</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):</td>
<td><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):</td>
<td><span class="(unranked)" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocots" title="Monocots">Monocots</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:</td>
<td><span class="order" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:</td>
<td><span class="family" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subfamily:</td>
<td><span class="subfamily" style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Lemnoideae</b></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background-color: #b4fab4; text-align: center;">Genus</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><ul>
<li><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landoltia" title="Landoltia">Landoltia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemna" title="Lemna">Lemna</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirodela" title="Spirodela">Spirodela</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffia" title="Wolffia">Wolffia</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffiella" title="Wolffiella">Wolffiella</a></i></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Duckweed_in_various_environments">Duckweed in various environments</span></h2>
One of the more important factors influencing the distribution of
wetland plants, and aquatic plants in particular, is nutrient
availability.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Duckweeds tend to be associated with fertile, even eutrophic
conditions.<br />
<br />
Duckweed can be spread by waterfowl and small mammals,
transported inadvertently on their feet and bodies,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
as well as by moving water.<br />
<br />
In water bodies with constant currents or
overflow, the plants are carried down the water channels and do not
proliferate greatly.<br />
<br />
In some locations, a cyclical pattern driven by
weather patterns exists in which the plants proliferate greatly during
low water flow periods, then are carried away as rainy periods ensue.<br />
<br />
Duckweed is an important high-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_%28nutrient%29" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> food source for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfowl" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>
and also is eaten by humans in some parts of Southeast Asia.<br />
<br />
As it
contains more protein than soybeans, it is sometimes cited as a
significant potential food source.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The tiny plants provide cover for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fry_%28biology%29" title="Fry (biology)">fry</a> of many aquatic species. The plants are used as shelter by pond water species such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bullfrog" title="American bullfrog">bullfrogs</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegill" title="Bluegill">bluegills</a>. <br />
<br />
They also provide shade and, although frequently confused with them, can reduce certain light-generated growths of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoautotrophic" title="Photoautotrophic">photoautotrophic</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>.<br />
<br />
The plants can provide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> removal, if cropped, and the duckweeds are important in the process of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a> because they grow rapidly, absorbing excess mineral nutrients, particularly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphates" title="Phosphates">phosphates</a>. For these reasons they are touted as water purifiers of untapped value.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The Swiss Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries,
associated with the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science
and Technology, asserts that as well as the food and agricultural
values, duckweed also may be used for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_water_treatment" title="Waste water treatment">waste water treatment</a>
to capture toxins and for odor control, and, that if a mat of duckweed
is maintained during harvesting for removal of the toxins captured
thereby, it prevents the development of algae and controls the breeding
of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquitoes" title="Mosquitoes">mosquitoes</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The same publication provides an extensive list of references for many duckweed-related topics.<br />
<br />
These plants also may play a role in conservation of water because a cover of duckweed will reduce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> of water when compared to the rate of a similarly sized water body with a clear surface.<br />
<br />
Despite these benefits however, because duckweed prefers high
nutrient wetland environments, they are seen as an invasive species when
conditions allow them to proliferate in environments that are
traditionally low nutrient.<br />
<br />
This is the case within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>
where fertilizer runoff has introduced increased levels of nutrients
into an otherwise low nutrient system, allowing invasive species such as
duckweed to establish themselves, spread and displace native species
such as <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawgrass" title="Sawgrass">sawgrass</a>.<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lemnoideae_Systematics_%26_Biology.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="907" data-file-width="946" height="211" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lemnoideae_Systematics_%26_Biology.jpg/220px-Lemnoideae_Systematics_%26_Biology.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
</div>
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
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<div class="thumbcaption">
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Duckweeds belong to the order
Alismatales and the Araceae family.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
(a) is a phylogenetic tree based on
ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase large-subunit genes.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
(b) is a schematic ventral view of
Spirodela, to show the clonal, vegetative propagation of duckweeds. </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Daughter fronds (F1) originate from the vegetative node (No), from
the mother frond F0 and remain attached to it by the stipule (Sti),
which eventually breaks off, thereby releasing a new plant cluster.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Daughter fronds may already initiate
new fronds (F2) themselves before full maturity.
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Roots are attached at the prophyllum
(P).
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
(c) shows the progressive reduction
from a leaf-like body with several veins and unbranched roots to a
thallus-like morphology in the Lemnoideae.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
The duckweeds have long been a taxonomic mystery, and usually have
been considered to be their own family, Lemnaceae.<br />
<br />
They primarily
reproduce asexually. Flowers, if present at all, are small. Roots are
either very much reduced, or absent entirely.<br />
<br />
They were suspected of
being related to the Araceae as long ago as 1876, but until the advent
of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a> it was difficult to test this hypothesis.<br />
<br />
Starting in 1995 studies began to confirm their placement in the
Araceae and since then, most systematists consider them to be part of
that family.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cabrera_9-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-cabrera-9">[9]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Their position within their family has been slightly less clear, but
several twenty-first century studies place them in the position shown
below.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cabrera_9-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-cabrera-9">[9]</a></sup><br />
<br />
They are not closely related to <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistia" title="Pistia">Pistia</a></i>, however, which also is an aquatic plant in the family Araceae.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cabrera_9-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-cabrera-9">[9]</a></sup><br />
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<tbody>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; border-top: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1.5em;"><br /></td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnostachydoideae" title="Gymnostachydoideae">Gymnostachydoideae</a></td>
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<td style="border-bottom: 0; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 0; border-top: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 0; border-top: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><br /></td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontioideae" title="Orontioideae">Orontioideae</a> (skunk cabbages and golden club)</td>
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</tbody></table>
</td>
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<td style="border-bottom: 0; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 0; border-top: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 0; border-top: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom;"><br /></td>
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<tbody>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><b>Lemnoideae</b> (duckweeds)</td>
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<td style="border-bottom: 0; border-left: 1px solid black; border-right: 0; border-top: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;"><i>most of the family Araceae</i></td>
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<br />
The genera of duckweeds are: <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirodela" title="Spirodela">Spirodela</a></i>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landoltia" title="Landoltia">Landoltia</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemna" title="Lemna">Lemna</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffiella" title="Wolffiella">Wolffiella</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffia" title="Wolffia">Wolffia</a></i>.<br />
Duckweed genome sizes have a 10-fold range (150 to 1500 MB), potentially representing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy#Diploid" title="Ploidy">diploids</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploid" title="Polyploid">octaploids</a>.<br />
<br />
The ancestral genus of <i>Spirodela</i> has the smallest genome size (150 MB, similar to <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i>), while the most derived genus, <i>Wolffia</i>, contains plants with the largest genome size (1500 MB).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><br />
<br />
DNA sequencing has shown that <i>Wolffiella</i> and <i>Wolffia</i> are more closely related than the others. <i>Spirodela</i> is at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_%28phylogenetics%29" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> position of the taxon, followed by <i>Lemna</i>, <i>Wolffiella</i>, and <i>Wolffia</i>, which is the most derived.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><br />
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<tbody>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-right: 0; border-top: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1.5em;"><br /></td>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;">Wolffia</td>
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<td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td>
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</tbody></table>
</td>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;">Wolffiella</td>
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<td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td>
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</tbody></table>
</td>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;">Lemna</td>
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<td rowspan="2" style="border: 0; padding: 0;">Spirodela</td>
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<td style="border: 0; padding: 0; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
In order to identify different duckweed genomes, a DNA-based molecular identification system was developed based on seven <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a>-markers proposed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium_for_the_Barcode_of_Life" title="Consortium for the Barcode of Life">Consortium for the Barcode of Life</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The <i>atpF-atpH</i> noncoding spacer was chosen as a universal DNA barcoding marker for species-level identification of duckweeds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Research">Research</span></h2>
In July 2008 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome
Institute announced that the Community Sequencing Program would fund
sequencing of the genome of the giant duckweed, <i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i>.<br />
<br />
This was a priority project for DOE in 2009.<br />
<br />
The research was intended to facilitate new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and bioenergy programs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The results were published in February 2014.<br />
<br />
They provide insights into
how this plant is adapted to rapid growth and an aquatic lifestyle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Duckweed is being studied by researchers around the world as a
possible source of clean energy.<br />
<br />
In the United States, in addition to
being the subject of study by the DOE, both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> have ongoing projects to determine whether duckweed might be a source of cost-effective, clean, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Duckweed is a good candidate as a biofuel because it grows rapidly,
produces five to six times as much starch as corn per unit of area, and
does not contribute to global warming.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Unlike fossil fuels, duckweed removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere instead of adding it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Duckweed also functions as a bioremediator by effectively filtering
contaminants such as bacteria, nitrogen, phosphates, and other nutrients
from naturally occurring bodies of water, constructed wetlands, and
waste water.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnoideae#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin: 30px auto;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LentejasDeAgua.jpg"><img alt="" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1600" height="90" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/LentejasDeAgua.jpg/120px-LentejasDeAgua.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Common duckweed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, Spain</div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin: 30px auto;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lemna_minor1.jpg"><img alt="" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="640" height="90" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lemna_minor1.jpg/120px-Lemna_minor1.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<i>Lemna minor</i></div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin: 30px auto;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lemna_trisulca0.jpg"><img alt="" data-file-height="480" data-file-width="640" height="90" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Lemna_trisulca0.jpg/120px-Lemna_trisulca0.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<i>Lemna trisulca</i></div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin: 30.5px auto;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:L_gibba3.jpg"><img alt="" data-file-height="301" data-file-width="404" height="89" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/L_gibba3.jpg/120px-L_gibba3.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<i>Lemna gibba</i></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
Turning the canals of the Poitevin Marsh (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marais_Poitevin" title="Marais Poitevin">Marais Poitevin</a>, France) into the "Green Venice":<br />
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin: 35px auto;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spirodela_polyrrhiza_marais_poitevin.jpg"><img alt="" data-file-height="432" data-file-width="648" height="80" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Spirodela_polyrrhiza_marais_poitevin.jpg/120px-Spirodela_polyrrhiza_marais_poitevin.jpg" width="120" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<i>Spirodela polyrhiza</i></div>
</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px;">
<div style="width: 155px;">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;">
<div style="margin: 15px auto;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curve_of_duckweed_covered_water_edged_with_several_bald_cypress_trees.JPG"><img alt="" data-file-height="3504" data-file-width="2336" height="120" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Curve_of_duckweed_covered_water_edged_with_several_bald_cypress_trees.JPG/80px-Curve_of_duckweed_covered_water_edged_with_several_bald_cypress_trees.JPG" width="80" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
Duckweed-covered water edged with several <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_cypress" title="Bald cypress">bald cypress</a> trees</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Source: Wickipedia.org</h4>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-85105767207921331562015-11-21T20:17:00.001-08:002016-02-03T23:29:04.289-08:00Profile of an Urban Homesteader<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0rWZ80zv3kU" width="480"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<b>Jules Dervaes</b> (born 1947) is an urban farmer and a proponent of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_homesteading" title="Urban homesteading">urban homesteading</a>
movement.<br />
<br />
Dervaes and his three adult children operate an urban market
garden in Pasadena, California as well as other websites and online
stores related to self-sufficiency and "adapting in place."<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Self-sufficient_in_the_city">Self-sufficient in the city</span></h2>
Dervaes has a one-fifth acre lot in Pasadena, California,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MEN_Feb_2009_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-MEN_Feb_2009-1">[1]</a></sup> on which he and his family raise three tons of food per year.<br />
<br />
This provides 75 percent of their annual food needs,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clark_2006_2-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-Clark_2006-2">[2]</a></sup> 99 percent of their produce and helps them sustain an organic produce business. They also raise ducks, chickens,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World_Changing_2007_3-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-World_Changing_2007-3">[3]</a></sup> goats, bees, compost worms and are running an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">aquaponics</a> fish experiment.<br />
<br />
Dervaes started experimenting with self-sufficiency while he lived in
New Zealand and later in Florida, then decided to see how efficient he
could make an urban homestead in Pasadena, California, USA.<br />
<br />
According to
<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Home" title="Natural Home">Natural Home</a></i>
magazine, "The Dervaeses' operation is about 60 to 150 times as
efficient as their industrial competitors, without relying on chemical
fertilizers and pesticides."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Clark_2006_2-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-Clark_2006-2">[2]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In addition to growing a significant amount of food, the Derveas
family attempts to live off-grid as far as possible and have invested
significant amounts of money to experiment with other ways of attaining
self-sufficiency.<br />
<br />
They have 12 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> on the roof of the house, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> filling station in the garage, and a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_oven" title="Solar oven">solar oven</a> in the backyard;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caires_2008_4-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-Caires_2008-4">[4]</a></sup> they use a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_reclamation" title="Wastewater reclamation">wastewater reclamation</a> system, a dual-flush toilet, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">composting toilet</a>, and a number of hand-cranked kitchen appliances (to reduce power consumption).<br />
<br />
They also use solar drying, and have a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cob_oven" title="Cob oven">cob oven</a>.<br />
<br />
Dervaes owns several websites, including julesdervaes.com,
pathtofreedom.com, urbanhomestead.org, urbanhomesteading.com,
freedomgardens.org, peddlrswagon.com, backyardchickens.org,
barnyardsandbackyards.org, thehiddenyears.org, and dervaesinstitute.org.<br />
pathtofreedom.com now redirects to urbanhomestead.org; it was originally about <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elian_Gonzales" title="Elian Gonzales">Elian Gonzales</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jd2000_5-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-jd2000-5">[5]</a></sup><br />
<br />
As of 2008, Path to Freedom got five million hits per month from over 125 different countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Caires_2008_4-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-Caires_2008-4">[4]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The Dervaes family was featured on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a>'s <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_Preppers" title="Doomsday Preppers">Doomsday Preppers</a></i> in 2012 and briefly appeared in a trailer for the show.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_activities">Religious activities</span></h2>
In 2008, Dervaes operated websites promoting prophecies of the "end times" and criticizing the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Church_of_God" title="Worldwide Church of God">Worldwide Church of God</a>'s
(WCG) doctrinal changes from 1995.<br />
<br />
The site's mission was "TO SHOW that
repeated WARNINGS to God’s Church, beginning in 1986 after <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_W._Armstrong" title="Herbert W. Armstrong">Herbert W. Armstrong</a>’s
death, were ignored, by documenting the outright rejection of the
messages; TO WARN God’s people that the unique challenge of the Last Era
is continuing to be met with the wrong solutions or none at all; TO
ANNOUNCE the true and only way we can be prepared for the establishment
of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> and Christ’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Hidden_Years:_About_7-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-The_Hidden_Years:_About-7">[7]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In 2011, Dervaes took the websites down but an archived version can be <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310011302/http://thehiddenyears.org/" rel="nofollow">found here</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived March 10, 2008).<br />
<br />
The family has integrated <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Sabbath" title="Seventh-day Sabbath">Seventh-day Sabbath</a> observance into its business practices, per WCG's teachings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The Dervaes Institute is registered as a tax exempt 508(c)(1)(a) organization,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> a status which is limited to "churches, their integrated auxiliaries, and conventions or associations of churches"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Trademark_controversy">Trademark controversy</span></h2>
In 2007, the Dervaes Institute applied to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="U.S. Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. Patent and Trademark Office</a> to register the phrase "urban homesteading" as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_mark" title="Service mark">service mark</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USPTO77326565_11-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-USPTO77326565-11">[11]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In 2008, the institute followed up with a second service mark application, for the phrase "urban homestead".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USPTO77574809_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-USPTO77574809-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<br />
"Urban homesteading" was registered, but only on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Register" title="Supplemental Register">Supplemental Register</a>, after initially being denied for not being sufficiently distinctive, on June 2, 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USPTO77326565_11-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-USPTO77326565-11">[11]</a></sup> "Urban homestead" was registered on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Register" title="Principal Register">Principal Register</a> on October 5, 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-USPTO77574809_12-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-USPTO77574809-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In 2011 the Dervaes Institute began sending notifications to
maintainers of websites who used these terms that these terms were now
under their trademark and that they were not to be used without
crediting the Dervaes family.<br />
<br />
The Dervaes Institute asserts that it's
protecting a legitimate business interest, that their usage of the terms
"urban homestead" and "urban homesteading" are new usages and
distinctive, and that its trademark of the term "urban homesteading"
prevents other corporations from trademarking it.<br />
<br />
However, the same
usage is documented back to at least 1976 in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-meniuh_13-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-meniuh-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
<br />
This has caused an uproar within the urban homesteading community and created a backlash against the Dervaes family.<br />
<br />
An <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist" title="Activist">activist</a> group called "Take Back Urban Home-steading(s)," was started on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> on 16 February 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tbuh_14-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-tbuh-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<br />
On 21 February 2011, Corynne McSherry, Intellectual Property Director of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (which is representing Kelly Coyne and Erik Knutzen, Los Angeles-based authors of <i>The Urban Homestead: Your Guide to Self-sufficient Living in the Heart of the City</i>, and publisher Process Media), sent a response to the Dervaes Institute and published the letter on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> website.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-effdervaes_15-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-effdervaes-15">[15]</a></sup><br />
<br />
On 4 April 2011, the Electronic Frontier Foundation filed a petition to cancel the trademark on "urban homestead".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-eff442011_16-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-eff442011-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<br />
On 7 April 2011, Denver Urban Homesteading filed a petition to cancel the trademark on "urban homesteading".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-duh742011_17-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dervaes#cite_note-duh742011-17">[17]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Over the course of 2011, the Facebook group has evolved into a general urban homesteading resource.<br />
<br />
On 5 November 2015: URBAN HOMESTEADING” TRADEMARK CANCELLED BY
FEDERAL COURT Denver, Colorado, November 5, 2015 Today in a pre-trial
ruling a federal court in California cancelled the trademark for “urban
homesteading” which its owner had used to disable a number of Facebook
pages in 2011 by claiming infringement.<br />
<br />
This ended a nearly five-year
legal struggle by a small farmers’ market in Denver, Colorado named
Denver Urban Homesteading to cancel the trademark which began when the
farmers lost their Facebook page and contacts with customers in February
2011.<br />
<br />
The trademark was owned by the Dervaes Institute of Pasadena, CA,
self-described in California incorporation papers as a “religious
society” and operated by Jules Dervaes and members of his family.<br />
<br />
After
Facebook pages around the country disappeared on February 14, 2011, the
urban homesteading community united in protest against the Dervaes
Institute, starting two new Facebook pages and a petition on change.org
demanding cancellation of the trademark.<br />
<br />
Court filings show that the
Dervaes Institute had issued cease and desist letters to book authors,
book publishers, farmers’ markets and even a public library.<br />
<br />
In April 2011 Denver Urban Homesteading began legal action at the
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to cancel the trademark.<br />
<br />
According to
owner James Bertini, the USPTO refused to consider the merits, even
though it was obligated to hold a single hearing and cancel the
trademark quickly because it was listed on the “supplemental register”
rather than on the more common “principal register.”<br />
<br />
The Electronic
Frontier Foundation (EFF) fared no better.<br />
<br />
Bertini said that they
commenced legal action at the USPTO to cancel the Dervaes Institute’s
trademark for “urban homestead,” as well as for “urban homesteading” but
couldn’t get that agency to decide their case, either.<br />
<br />
Then, in 2013 the farmers’ market sued to cancel the trademark in
Colorado federal court, but after another delay - this time of one year -
the judge refused to consider the case for jurisdictional reasons.<br />
<br />
So
in December 2014 Denver Urban Homesteading sued in California where a
judge in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California
canceled the trademark because it is generic.<br />
<br />
Generic words and phrases
cannot be registered as trademarks.<br />
<br />
The case number is 2:14−cv−09216.<br />
<br />
Denver Urban Homesteading was unable to afford a trademark lawyer so
owner James Bertini, a retired general practice attorney represented the
market himself.<br />
<br />
He was motivated to cancel the trademark not only to
get back the farmers’ Facebook page but also as a matter of public
interest since other Facebook pages had been disabled.<br />
<br />
Bertini said that
he prevailed over five law firms and nearly a dozen intellectual
property litigation attorneys that participated on behalf of the Dervaes
Institute in those legal battles.<br />
<br />
“No small business should have to go
through five years of litigation to cancel a trademark that shouldn’t
exist,” Bertini said.<br />
<br />
“A small business cannot afford this burden.”<br />
<br />
Indeed, according to Bertini, his didn’t, and the farmers’ market was
closed this year due to the extensive time required for litigation and
travel to California for court-required meetings.<br />
<br />
Bertini said that his research shows that this is the first time a
trademark on the supplemental register was cancelled in a pre-trial
order.<br />
<br />
However, he still has to go to trial in December to obtain
damages.<br />
<br />
He needs to find an attorney licensed in California who can be
associated with him in order to complete the case.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Source: Wikipedia.org</h4>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Well I am off; well just a little bit, but I needs to get back to work. I must Keep on Keeping On!<br /> </h3>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-52745707338219827662015-11-21T20:10:00.000-08:002016-02-03T23:29:56.807-08:00Urban Fruit Gleaning<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lUJMCM3lALg" width="480"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<b>Gleaning</b> (formerly 'leasing') is the act of collecting
leftover crops from farmers' fields after they have been commercially
harvested or on fields where it is not economically profitable to
harvest. Some ancient cultures promoted gleaning as an early form of a
welfare system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"> </sup><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_Gleaners_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="4006" data-file-width="5354" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_Gleaners_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/220px-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet_-_Gleaners_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gleaners" title="The Gleaners">The Gleaners</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>, 1857<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bible">Bible</span></h2>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</span></h3>
According to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiness_Code" title="Holiness Code">Holiness Code</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuteronomic_Code" title="Deuteronomic Code">Deuteronomic Code</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a> should leave the corners of their fields unharvested, and they should not attempt to pick up that which was dropped or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> any left-overs that had been forgotten when they had harvested the majority of a field.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lev2322_3-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Lev2322-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Duet2419_4-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Duet2419-4">[4]</a></sup><br />
<br />
On one of the two occasions that this is mentioned by the Holiness Code, it adds that, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a>, some grapes should be left ungathered,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lev1910_5-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Lev1910-5">[5]</a></sup> an argument made also by the Deuteronomic Code.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deu2421_6-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Deu2421-6">[6]</a></sup><br />
<br />
These verses additionally argue that olive trees should not be beaten
on multiple occasions, and whatever remains from the first set of
beatings should be left.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deu2420_7-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Deu2420-7">[7]</a></sup><br />
<br />
According to the Holiness Code, these things should be left for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">the poor</a> and for strangers,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lev2322_3-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Lev2322-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lev1910_5-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Lev1910-5">[5]</a></sup> and the Deuteronomic Code commands that it should be left for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">widows</a>, strangers, and paternal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphans</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Duet2419_4-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Duet2419-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deu2421_6-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Deu2421-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Deu2420_7-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Deu2420-7">[7]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a> features gleaning by the widow Ruth to provide for herself and Naomi, also a widow.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rut22_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Rut22-8">[8]</a></sup><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="New_Testament">New Testament</span></h3>
Jesus and his disciples practiced a form of gleaning as they walked through grain fields breaking off heads of wheat to eat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mark223_9-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Mark223-9">[9]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Rabbinical_views">Rabbinical views</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gleaning_by_Arthur_Hughes.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="891" data-file-width="716" height="274" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gleaning_by_Arthur_Hughes.jpg/220px-Gleaning_by_Arthur_Hughes.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption">
<i>Gleaning</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_%28artist%29" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a>.</div>
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
In <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_rabbinic_literature" title="Classical rabbinic literature">classical rabbinic literature</a>, it was argued that the biblical regulations concerning left-overs only applied to grain fields, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a>, and vineyards, and not to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">kitchen gardens</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
the classical rabbinical writers were much stricter in regard to who
could receive the remains.<br />
<br />
It was stated that the farmer was not
permitted to benefit from the gleanings, and was not permitted to
discriminate among the poor, nor try to frighten them away with dogs or
lions;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hull131a_11-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Hull131a-11">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Peah56_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Peah56-12">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MaMiTo411_13-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-MaMiTo411-13">[13]</a></sup> the farmer was not even allowed to help one of the poor to gather the left-overs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hull131a_11-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Hull131a-11">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Peah56_12-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-Peah56-12">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MaMiTo411_13-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-MaMiTo411-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
<br />
However, it was also argued that the law was only applicable in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> although many classical rabbinic writers, who were based in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, applied the laws there too;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> it was also seen as only applying to Jewish paupers, but poor non-Jews were allowed to benefit for the sake of civil peace<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_times">Modern times</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gleaning_Alawite_woman.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1476" data-file-width="1356" height="239" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gleaning_Alawite_woman.jpg/220px-Gleaning_Alawite_woman.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption">
<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alawite" title="Alawite">Alawite</a> woman gleaning in 1938</div>
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> argues that Jewish farmers are no longer obliged to obey the biblical rule.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Nevertheless, in modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, rabbis of Orthodox Judaism insist that Jews allow <i>gleanings</i> to be consumed by the poor and by strangers, during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmita" title="Shmita">Sabbatical years</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In eighteenth century England, gleaning was a legal right for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage" title="Cottage">cottagers</a>.<br />
<br />
In a small <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village" title="Village">village</a> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexton_%28office%29" title="Sexton (office)">sexton</a>
would often ring a church bell at eight o'clock in the morning and
again at seven in the evening to tell the gleaners when to begin and end
work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><br />
<br />
This legal right effectively ended after a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_v_Houghton_%281788%29" title="Steel v Houghton (1788)">legal case in 1788</a>.<br />
<br />
In the modern world, gleaning is practiced by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> which distribute the gleaned food to the poor and hungry; in a modern context, this can include the collection of food from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarkets</a>
at the end of the day that would otherwise be thrown away.<br />
<br />
There are a
number of organizations that practice gleaning to resolve issues of
societal hunger; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_St._Andrew" title="Society of St. Andrew">Society of St. Andrew</a>, for example, is dedicated to the role, as is the <a class="external text" href="http://www.feeding5k.org/gleaning.php" rel="nofollow">Gleaning Network</a> in the UK.<br />
<br />
When people glean and distribute food, they may be bringing themselves legal risk; in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Spikelets" title="Law of Spikelets">Law of Spikelets</a> (sometimes translated "law on gleaning")<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> criminalized gleaning, under penalty of death, or 20 years of forced labor in exceptional circumstances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US" title="US">US</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Emerson_Good_Samaritan_Act_of_1996" title="Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Act of 1996">Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Act of 1996</a>
limited the liability of donors to instances of gross negligence or
intentional misconduct, alleviating gleaning from much of its
definitions of the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Samaritan_Act" title="Good Samaritan Act">Good Samaritan Act</a></i>, to consistently deliver surplus food from restaurants and dining facilities to emergency food centers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Gleaning_in_art">Gleaning in art</span></h2>
Gleaning was a popular subject in art, especially in the nineteenth
century.<br />
<br />
Gleaning in rural France has been represented in the paintings <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gleaners" title="The Gleaners">Des Glaneuses</a></i> (1857) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a> and <i>Le rappel des glaneuses</i> (1859) by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Breton" title="Jules Breton">Jules Breton</a> (<a class="extiw" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jules_Breton_-_Le_rappel_des_glaneuses.jpg" title="fr:Image:Jules Breton - Le rappel des glaneuses.jpg">image</a>), and explored in a 2000 documentary/experimental film, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gleaners_and_I" title="The Gleaners and I">The Gleaners and I</a></i>, by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Varda" title="Agnes Varda">Agnes Varda</a>.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>'s sketch of a <i>Peasant Woman Gleaning</i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuenen" title="Nuenen">Nuenen</a>, The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (1885) is in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Clore" title="Charles Clore">Charles Clore</a> collection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaning#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1">Source: Wikipedia.org</sup></h4>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-2494075556295433582015-08-09T17:31:00.002-07:002016-02-04T00:20:03.991-08:00I Finally Got My First Poetry Book Up On Kindle, It's Live at Amazon.com Right Now!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Here It is My First Kindle Book:</h2>
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Author- Self Publishing Poet ~Donald Beres Jr.</h3>
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<span class="a-size-large" id="productTitle" style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 1.3 !important; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">The Collective Works of Sinbad the Sailor Man: Book I "Breakfast Sandwiches"</span> </h2>
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by <span class="author notFaded" data-width="" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a class="a-link-normal" href="http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_ebooks_1?ie=UTF8&text=Donald+Beres+Jr&search-alias=digital-text&field-author=Donald+Beres+Jr&sort=relevancerank" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #0066c0; text-decoration: none;">Donald Beres Jr</a> <span class="contribution" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="a-color-secondary" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(85 , 85 , 85);">(Author)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.3999996185303px;">A
collection of some of this Poet's first original works; some from Night
School 1981. And some created shortly after his divorce from his wife
of ten and half years in 2001. Since 2010 this Poet has been self
publishing his work upon the World Wide Web as well as trying to build a
Traffic Wheel of passive residual website(s) to produce residual income
streams from his works.</span><br />
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Product Details</h2>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: 700;">File Size:</span> 1624 KB</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: 700;">Simultaneous Device Usage:</span> Unlimited</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none; margin: 0px; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: 700;">Publisher:</span> Donald Beres Jr - Self Publishing Poet; 1 edition (August 8, 2015)</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7qh7t0APh8qnxBYwHnhDjurb1lk9zBp10bQJ8JN_080560gnxAucX-41OzcOg-TPIqiMHBpJu9LADuxMV4p7NXX09h8LVxxAFvTWqRAy2AxBin8p1DBINMujFaoKPt32Je-CAIvkna0eR/s1600/Picture+106.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7qh7t0APh8qnxBYwHnhDjurb1lk9zBp10bQJ8JN_080560gnxAucX-41OzcOg-TPIqiMHBpJu9LADuxMV4p7NXX09h8LVxxAFvTWqRAy2AxBin8p1DBINMujFaoKPt32Je-CAIvkna0eR/s320/Picture+106.jpg" width="320" /></a> </div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Donald-Beres-Jr/e/B0141EC03A/ref=dp_byline_cont_ebooks_1" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">My Amazon Author's Page</a></div>
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<h3 class="post-title entry-title">
Author's Bio; Donald Beres Jr./ Sinbad the Sailor Man
</h3>
<div class="post-header">
</div>
<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Donnie/+Sinbad+the+Sailor+Man&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=QTmdVZbGK4SbgwTwmIPoCQ&ved=0CB4QsAQ&biw=1600&bih=789">Google Search Images for Donnie/ Sinbad the Sailor Man</a><br />
<br />
Who is Sinbad the Sailor Man? Well wouldn't we all like to know, who we really are?<br />
<br />
He is nobody special yet, at least not in the writing industry. He was
born Donald Beres Jr. in Hammond Indiana, to Carol Ann (Muskin) Beres
and Donald Beres of Pennsylvania.<br />
<br />
Donald's Mother divorced his natural father and married Wayne L.
Douglas. The couple thought it easier to conceal the fact of his
mother's divorce from Donald's natural father. <br />
<br />
He was raised in Hobart, Indiana as Donnie Douglas until about the age
of sixteen.When he found out that his mother had him by her first
husband.<br />
<br />
Donnie found this out shortly after attending Hobart Junior High. He
took this news in stride but did not realize the damage that this and
the lies that followed about his natural father and half sister would
eventually unfold later in life.<br />
<br />
He attended until his Sophomore year. He Letter in Football and Wrestling during his Freshmen year.<br />
<br />
In 1980 he left before graduation to go to Portage Adult Night School so
he could join the US Navy with two of his childhood friends; on the
Navy's Buddy System.<br />
<br />
But because of budget cuts that semester. Donnie was delayed six months and missed going through Boot Camp with his two Buddies.<br />
<br />
As a result he would no longer qualify for the twenty yrs and out full
retirement. Instead he would need to do thirty years to receive that
option. Donnie's two buddies both took full advantage of that option.<br />
<br />
On Aug 23rd 1985 Donald was Honorable Discharged from the US Navy.<br />
<br />
Donald met Donna L. Se Doris who was seven years his junior in 1998 and
in Aug 25th 1990 they were married. They had three children together
until their Divorce in March of 2001.<br />
<br />
Donald is still a divorced middle aged man, who has three great kids,
one curly headed girl and two boys. Donald is the Grandfather of two one
of each a girl and a boy with more on the way. <br />
<br />
He is a US Navy Veteran, a would be Poet, a soon to be freelance writer, he hopes.<br />
<br />
He is a dyslectic, he is a dreamer of dreams and an inventor of things,
he is a decent pool player, a certified Advanced Open Water SCUBA diver,
although he hasn't dove since 1990<br />
<br />
He still holds, Certifications in Night diving, Deep diving, Search and
Recovery diving, and he is an Underwater Vehicle Specialist, an
ex-welder, and a guy who likes to ride Motorcycles. Donald likes to play
Eight ball and Nine ball Billiards and has shown a growing interest in
One Pocket.<br />
<br />
He started writing Poetry way back in Night School 1980. Donald started
after a short falling out with his Mother over being lied to about his
true identity. He started writing again, about six months after his
divorce. From his wife of ten and a half years.Which he strongly took as
a betrayal by his first true love. <br />
<br />
He has been writing off and on ever since. He has had several Back
Surgeries and others most on his lower back. Although he was disabled
December 1998 and has been on Disability since. He has made several
attempts to return to full duty work, but failed and remains on
Disability to this day.<br />
<br />
He has a very bad short term memory problem, brought on by almost nine
years of prescription drug use, mostly pain killers. He has bouts of
depression from time to time and has contemplated and attempted suicide
twice.<br />
<br />
These attempts were early on in his disability. While he was on strong
Pain Killers. The ones that one should also be put on anti-depressants
with. Donald was not! He attributes his attempts on his life to this
lack of proper medication.<br />
<br />
Among these annoying problems he has other small annoying ticks and
clicks that keep him from holding down any normal nine to five job for
too long.<br />
<br />
One of his attempts to return to work was as a semi truck driver. He
drove for about five months but, his eyes started to fail due to high
blood pressure and now he has severe night blindness, so he can't drive
semi truck at night any more. He drove a taxi for about five months
after getting New Glasses but has since given up on trying to drive
commercially.<br />
<br />
While Driving over the road his only daughter was Life flighted to
Chicago's Children's Hospital from Indiana by helicopter. Donald dropped
a load of rubber and drove from Saint Louis Missouri, He stated to his
dispatcher the thing is floored and It wasn't stopping until I got there
or It burnt up!<br />
<br />
His daughter was later diagnosed with Type One Childhood Diabetes. <br />
<br />
Donald is back to writing poetry short stories, and trying different
Inter Net jobs, which he has not yet mastered any of those either.<br />
<br />
There you have it! Donald States that he is an average guy. With no
place to go but up! Because if he gets any lower, they'll have to put
him down and in the ground.<br />
<br />
"By The Grace of GOD There Go I"<br />
<br />
One of Donald's Favorite Bible Quotes<br />
<br />
Another of his favorites is<br />
<br />
"Unto Death Do We Part"<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sinbad the Sailor Man/ Donald Beres Jr.<br />
alias "Donnie Douglas"<span class="tiny" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
</span></div>
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Sources: Amazon.com, Sinbadthesailorman.com, http://sinbadthesailorman.blogspot.com/</h4>
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Somebody Come and Play Today! Earn as You Learn, Grow as You Go!</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtxPKgEB_g-mVKzg4xSqyU78eY_8ABS4ibyC1Ne-TGukyt2wCThqXK5Wmk22_k96WxLGFaXSpspvbf6_4dnzSV4rbDh7H1QAt76T_hh31zbJQnMvA-KDbmVMtBGE80gmnxrkyo3CfGKq0/s1600/maninside.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtxPKgEB_g-mVKzg4xSqyU78eY_8ABS4ibyC1Ne-TGukyt2wCThqXK5Wmk22_k96WxLGFaXSpspvbf6_4dnzSV4rbDh7H1QAt76T_hh31zbJQnMvA-KDbmVMtBGE80gmnxrkyo3CfGKq0/s1600/maninside.jpg" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
The Man Inside the Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
from</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Sinbad the Sailor Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
A</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
JMK's Production</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="mailto:jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com">jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.info/">Sinbadthesailorman.info</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.com/">Sinbadthesailorman.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.net/">Sinbadthesailorman.net</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.org/">Sinbadthesailorman.org</a></div>
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CYA Later Taters!<br />
Thanks for stopping by.<br />
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Donnie/Sinbad the Sailor Man<br />
<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-56379803357652113102015-07-28T20:53:00.000-07:002016-02-04T08:24:53.839-08:00TEDxAsheville~ "Eustace Conway" Traditional Lifestyles of the 21st Century<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qyEIr_W-x7c" width="459"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<b>Eustace Conway</b> (born <b>Eustace Robinson Conway IV</b> in 1961 in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>) is an American naturalist and the subject of the book <i>The Last American Man</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Gilbert" title="Elizabeth Gilbert">Elizabeth Gilbert</a>.<br />
<br />
He has also been the subject of <i><a class="external text" href="http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/111/adventures-in-the-simple-life" rel="nofollow">Adventures In the Simple Life</a></i> by Sarah Vowel on the weekly radio show, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_American_Life" title="This American Life">This American Life</a></i> with Ira Glass. He is the owner of 1,000-acre (4.0 km<sup>2</sup>) Turtle Island Preserve in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone,_North_Carolina" title="Boone, North Carolina">Boone</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>. He is one of the featured personalities on the History channel show <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Men_%28TV_series%29" title="Mountain Men (TV series)">Mountain Men</a>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;"><span class="fn">Eustace Conway</span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eustace_Conway.jpg"><img alt="Eustace Conway.jpg" data-file-height="1553" data-file-width="1340" height="255" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Eustace_Conway.jpg/220px-Eustace_Conway.jpg" width="220" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Born</th>
<td><span class="nickname">Eustace Robinson Conway IV</span><br />
1961 (age 53–54)<br />
<span class="birthplace"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_%28state%29" title="South Carolina (state)">South Carolina</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S." title="U.S.">U.S.</a></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Nationality</th>
<td class="category"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Alma mater</th>
<td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_State_University" title="Appalachian State University">Appalachian State University</a> Bachelor's degrees in Anthropology and English</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Occupation</th>
<td class="role">Naturalist and Educator</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2>
At age 17 Conway left home so that he could live in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipi</a> in the woods. He has hiked the entire <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian Trail</a> and claims to have set the world record for crossing the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on horseback from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>.<br />
<br />
However, according to the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> of the day, as well as the book, <i>Bud & Me</i>, the record for crossing the North American continent on horseback was actually done in 62 days.<br />
<br />
This journey was made by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Abernathy_and_Temple_Abernathy" title="Louis Abernathy and Temple Abernathy">Bud and Temple Abernathy</a>, aged 11 and 7, who rode 3,619 miles (5,824 km) from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> on an equestrian journey, which started in August, 1911.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The weekly radio show "This American Life" reported on Conway's cross
country journey in the episode "Adventures in the Simple Life", which
aired on September 11, 1998.<br />
<br />
The show uses recordings that were taped on
a hand-held recorder by Conway and his party.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><br />
A 2003 documentary film on Conway's life, <i>Full Circle: A Life Story of Eustace Conway</i>, was directed by Jack Bibbo.<br />
<br />
Conway is also one of four featured characters in the 2012 documentary film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconvergence" title="Reconvergence">Reconvergence</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> which was directed by Edward Tyndall.<br />
<br />
Conway appeared in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Men_%28TV_series%29" title="Mountain Men (TV series)">Mountain Men</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television</a> series on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_%28TV_channel%29" title="History (TV channel)">History channel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-imdb_7-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-imdb-7">[7]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The series focused on his daily life of performing his chores and preparing food for the coming winter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-history-8">[8]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Threatened by a lien against his land Conway fights to maintain ownership.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history-ep_9-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-history-ep-9">[9]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In November, 2012, Turtle Island was forced to shut down public
access because its traditional buildings violated building codes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In mid-December, 2012 Conway appeared to make progress toward reaching a
resolution with the North Carolina Building Code Council.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><br />
<br />
However, immediately following this apparent progress with the code
council, Conway was arrested for trespassing on a neighbor's property in
a dispute over the property border, continuing the legal challenges to
Turtle Island.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Conway's problems with the North Carolina Building Code Council
quickly gained notice of state officials. The North Carolina General
Assembly<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> stepped in, proposing an exemption to building code requirements for primitive structures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Both the state's House and Senate voted unanimously to pass H774.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Conway#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> The bill was signed into law by Governor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_McCrory" title="Pat McCrory">Pat McCrory</a> on June 12, 2013.<br />
<br />
This ordeal was described in a Fox News special <i>War on the Little Guy</i>, hosted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">John Stossel</a>.<br />
<br />
Conway has three siblings: Walton, Judson, and Martha.<br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-28188214469401549162015-07-28T19:40:00.001-07:002016-02-04T00:25:41.624-08:00Simple "U" Auto-siphon for Aquaponics (Bell-less)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/a6oIQURRWlI" width="459"></iframe></div>
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<b>Aquaponics</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/ short 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">food production</a> system that combines conventional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> (raising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a> such as snails, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a> in tanks) with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a> (cultivating plants in water) in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> environment.<br />
<br />
In normal aquaculture, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretions</a>
from the animals being raised can accumulate in the water, increasing
toxicity. In an aquaponic system, water from an aquaculture system is
fed to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponic</a> system where the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> are broken down by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> into <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrates" title="Nitrates">nitrates</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrites" title="Nitrites">nitrites</a>, which are utilized by the plants as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrients" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a>. The water is then recirculated back to the aquaculture system.<br />
<br />
As existing hydroponic and aquaculture farming techniques form the
basis for all aquaponics systems, the size, complexity, and types of
foods grown in an aquaponics system can vary as much as any system found
in either distinct farming discipline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI-1">[1]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI_1-0"> </sup><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portable_fish_farm_at_growing_power.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2304" data-file-width="3072" height="188" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portable_fish_farm_at_growing_power.jpg/250px-Portable_fish_farm_at_growing_power.jpg" width="250" /></a>
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A small, portable aquaponics system. The term <i>aquaponics</i> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the terms <i>aquaculture</i> and <i>hydroponic</i>.<br />
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<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_hydroculture" title="Historical hydroculture">Historical hydroculture</a></div>
Aquaponics has ancient roots, although there is some debate on its first occurrence:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> cultivated agricultural islands known as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampas</a></i> in a system considered by some to be the first form of aquaponics for agricultural use<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boutwelluc_2-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-Boutwelluc-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
where plants were raised on stationary (and sometime movable) islands
in lake shallows and waste materials dredged from the Chinampa canals
and surrounding cities were used to manually irrigate the plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boutwelluc_2-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-Boutwelluc-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li>
<li>South <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> who cultivated and farmed rice in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> in combination with fish are cited as examples of early aquaponics systems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> These <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polycultural</a> farming systems existed in many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern</a> countries and raised fish such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misgurnus_anguillicaudatus" title="Misgurnus anguillicaudatus">oriental loach</a> (泥鳅, ドジョウ),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopterus_albus" title="Monopterus albus">swamp eel</a> (黄鳝, 田鰻), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">Common</a> (鯉魚, コイ) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian carp</a> (鯽魚) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparidae" title="Viviparidae">pond snails</a> (田螺) in the paddies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mcmurtry1988_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-mcmurtry1988-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<br />
Floating aquaponics systems on polycultural fish ponds were installed
in China in more recent years on a large scale growing rice, wheat and
canna lily and other crops,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> with some installations exceeding 2.5 acres (10,000 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><br />
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UVIAquaponicSystem.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="720" data-file-width="1080" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/UVIAquaponicSystem.jpg/220px-UVIAquaponicSystem.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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Diagram of the University of the Virgin Islands commercial aquaponics system designed to yield 5 metric tons of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a> per year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI1_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI1-12">[12]</a></sup></div>
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The development of modern aquaponics is often attributed to the various works of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alchemy_Institute" title="New Alchemy Institute">New Alchemy Institute</a> and the works of Dr. Mark McMurtry et al. at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI2_13-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI2-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Inspired by the successes of the New Alchemy Institute, and the
reciprocating aquaponics techniques developed by Dr. Mark McMurtry et
al., other institutes soon followed suit. Starting in 1997, Dr. James
Rakocy and his colleagues at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="University of the Virgin Islands">University of the Virgin Islands</a> researched and developed the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_water_culture" title="Deep water culture">deep water culture</a> hydroponic grow beds in a large-scale aquaponics system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI1_12-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI1-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The first aquaponics research in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> was a small system added onto existing aquaculture research at a research station in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.
Canada saw a rise in aquaponics setups throughout the ’90s,
predominantly as commercial installations raising high-value crops such
as trout and lettuce.<br />
<br />
A setup based on the deep water system developed
at the University of Virgin Islands was built in a greenhouse at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks,_Alberta" title="Brooks, Alberta">Brooks, Alberta</a>
where Dr. Nick Savidov and colleagues researched aquaponics from a
background of plant science.<br />
<br />
The team made findings on rapid root growth
in aquaponics systems and on closing the solid-waste loop, and found
that owing to certain advantages in the system over traditional
aquaculture, the system can run well at a low pH level, which is
favoured by plants but not fish.<br />
<br />
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<div class="thumb tleft">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BackyardAqauponics@BAU.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="375" data-file-width="500" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/BackyardAqauponics%40BAU.jpg/220px-BackyardAqauponics%40BAU.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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Vegetable production part of the low-cost Backyard Aquaponics System developed at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Agricultural_University" title="Bangladesh Agricultural University">Bangladesh Agricultural University</a></div>
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The Caribbean island of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>
created an initiative to start aquaponics systems at home, with revenue
generated by selling produce to tourists in an effort to reduce growing
dependence on imported food.<br />
<br />
In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">world's most densely populated country</a>, most farmers use <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemicals" title="Agrochemicals">agrochemicals</a>
to enhance food production and storage life, though the country lacks
oversight on safe levels of chemicals in foods for human consumption.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<br />
To combat this issue a team led by Professor Dr. M.A. Salam at the Department of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Agricultural_University" title="Bangladesh Agricultural University">Bangladesh Agricultural University</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>
has created plans for a low-cost aquaponics system to provide
chemical-free produce and fish for people living in adverse climatic
conditions such as the salinity-prone southern area and the flood-prone <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haor" title="Haor">haor</a> area in the eastern region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Dr. Salam's work innovates a form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farming</a>
for micro-production goals at the community and personal levels whereas
design work by Chowdhury and Graff was aimed exclusively at the
commercial level, the latter of the two approaches take advantage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>.<br />
<br />
With more than a third of Palestinian agricultural lands in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> turned into a buffer zone by Israel, an aquaponic gardening system is developed appropriate for use on rooftops in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><br />
<br />
There has been a shift towards community integration of aquaponics, such as the nonprofit foundation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Power" title="Growing Power">Growing Power</a> that offers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>
youth job opportunities and training while growing food for their
community.<br />
<br />
The model has spawned several satellite projects in other
cities, such as New Orleans where the Vietnamese fisherman community has
suffered from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>, and in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<a class="external text" href="http://whisperingroots.org/" rel="nofollow">Whispering Roots</a> is a non-profit organization in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>
that provides fresh, locally grown, healthy food for socially and
economically disadvantaged communities by using aquaponics, hydroponics
and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming" title="Urban farming">urban farming</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In addition, aquaponic gardeners from all around the world have
gathered in online community sites and forums to share their experiences
and promote the development of this form of gardening<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> as well as creating extensive resources on how to build home systems.<br />
<br />
Recently, aquaponics has been moving towards indoor production
systems. In cities like Chicago, entrepreneurs are utilizing vertical
designs to grow food year round. These systems can be used to grow food
year round with minimal to no waste. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Components">Components</span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquaponics_at_Growing_Power,_Milwaukee.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1944" data-file-width="2592" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Aquaponics_at_Growing_Power%2C_Milwaukee.jpg/220px-Aquaponics_at_Growing_Power%2C_Milwaukee.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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A commercial aquaponics system. An electric pump moves <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">effluent</a> rich water from the fish tank through a solids filter to remove particles the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants" title="Plants">plants</a> above cannot absorb. </div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> then provides nutrients for the plants and is cleansed before returning to the fish tank below where the process repeats.<br />
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Aquaponics consists of two main parts, with the aquaculture part for
raising aquatic animals and the hydroponics part for growing plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Aquatic effluents, resulting from uneaten feed or raising animals like
fish, accumulate in water due to the closed-system recirculation of most
aquaculture systems. The effluent-rich water becomes toxic to the
aquatic animal in high concentrations but this contain <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrients" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> essential for plant growth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Although consisting primarily of these two parts, aquaponics systems
are usually grouped into several components or subsystems responsible
for the effective removal of solid wastes, for adding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_%28chemistry%29" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> to neutralize <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, or for maintaining <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_aeration" title="Water aeration">water oxygenation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Typical components include:<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Rearing tank</i>: the tanks for raising and feeding the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>;</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></i>: a unit for catching uneaten food and detached <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a>, and for settling out fine particulates;</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">Biofilter</a></i>: a place where the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> can grow and convert <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, which are usable by the plants;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Hydroponics subsystem</i>: the portion of the system where plants are grown by absorbing excess nutrients from the water;</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a></i>: the lowest point in the system where the water flows to and from which it is pumped back to the rearing tanks.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Depending on the sophistication and cost of the aquaponics system,
the units for solids removal, biofiltration, and/or the hydroponics
subsystem may be combined into one unit or subsystem,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup> which prevents the water from flowing directly from the aquaculture part of the system to the hydroponics part.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Plants:_hydroponics">Plants: hydroponics</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></div>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizofiltration" title="Rhizofiltration">Rhizofiltration</a></div>
<div class="hatnote">
</div>
<div class="hatnote">
</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CDC_South_Aquaponics_Raft_Tank_1_2010-07-17.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2448" data-file-width="3264" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/CDC_South_Aquaponics_Raft_Tank_1_2010-07-17.jpg/220px-CDC_South_Aquaponics_Raft_Tank_1_2010-07-17.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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A Deep Water Culture hydroponics system where plant grow directly into the effluent rich water without a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>
medium. </div>
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</div>
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Plants can be spaced closer together because the roots do not
need to expand outwards to support the weight of the plant.<br />
<br />
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquaponics_with_Vibrantly_Colored_Plants.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="1024" height="330" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aquaponics_with_Vibrantly_Colored_Plants.jpg/220px-Aquaponics_with_Vibrantly_Colored_Plants.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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Plant placed into a nutrient rich water channel in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_film_technique" title="Nutrient film technique">Nutrient film technique</a> (NFT) system<br />
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</div>
</div>
</div>
Plants are grown as in hydroponics systems, with their roots immersed
in the nutrient-rich effluent water. This enables them to filter out
the ammonia that is toxic to the aquatic animals, or its metabolites.<br />
<br />
After the water has passed through the hydroponic subsystem, it is
cleaned and oxygenated, and can return to the aquaculture vessels. This
cycle is continuous. Common aquaponic applications of hydroponic systems
include:<br />
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_water_culture" title="Deep water culture">Deep-water raft</a> aquaponics</i>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoam" title="Styrofoam">styrofoam</a> rafts floating in a relatively deep aquaculture basin in troughs.</li>
<li><i>Recirculating aquaponics</i>: solid media such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> beads, held in a container that is flooded with water from the aquaculture. This type of aquaponics is also known as <i>closed-loop aquaponics</i>.</li>
<li><i>Reciprocating aquaponics</i>: solid media in a container that is
alternately flooded and drained utilizing different types of siphon
drains. This type of aquaponics is also known as <i>flood-and-drain aquaponics</i> or <i>ebb-and-flow aquaponics</i>.</li>
<li>Other systems use towers that are trickle-fed from the top, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_film_technique" title="Nutrient film technique">nutrient film technique</a> channels, horizontal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> pipes with holes for the pots, plastic barrels cut in half with gravel or rafts in them. Each approach has its own benefits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<br />
Most green <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetables</a> grow well in the hydroponic subsystem, although most profitable are varieties of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">chinese cabbage</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe" title="Cantaloupe">cantaloupe</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell peppers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Other species of vegetables that grow well in an aquaponic system include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">kohlrabi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress" title="Watercress">watercress</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radishes" title="Radishes">radishes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">strawberries</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">parsnips</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbs" title="Herbs">herbs</a>.<br />
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
Since plants at different growth stages require different amounts of
minerals and nutrients, plant harvesting is staggered with seedings
growing at the same time as mature plants. This ensures stable nutrient
content in the water because of continuous symbiotic cleansing of toxins
from the water.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Animals:_aquaculture">Animals: aquaculture</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Animals:_aquaculture"> </span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquaponics_with_catfish.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1024" data-file-width="1536" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aquaponics_with_catfish.jpg/220px-Aquaponics_with_catfish.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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</div>
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Filtered water from the hydroponics system drains into a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> tank for re-circulation.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
</div>
Freshwater fish are the most common aquatic animal raised using
aquaponics, although freshwater crayfish and prawns are also sometimes
used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In practice, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> are the most popular fish for home and commercial projects that are intended to raise edible fish, although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barramundi" title="Barramundi">barramundi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidyanus_bidyanus" title="Bidyanus bidyanus">silver perch</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel-tailed_catfish" title="Eel-tailed catfish">eel-tailed catfish</a> or tandanus catfish, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_perch" title="Jade perch">jade perch</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_cod" title="Murray cod">Murray cod</a> are also used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<br />
For temperate climates when there isn't ability or desire to maintain water temperature, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegill" title="Bluegill">bluegill</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> are suitable fish species for home systems. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">Koi</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a> may also be used, if the fish in the system need not be edible.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bacteria">Bacteria</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bacteria"> </span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_Cycle" title="Nitrogen Cycle">Nitrogen Cycle</a></div>
<div class="hatnote">
</div>
Nitrification, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a>
conversion of ammonia into nitrates, is one of the most important
functions in an aquaponics system as it reduces the toxicity of the
water for fish, and allows the resulting nitrate compounds to be removed
by the plants for nourishment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Ammonia is steadily released into the water through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreta</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>
of fish as a product of their metabolism, but must be filtered out of
the water since higher concentrations of ammonia (commonly between 0.5
and 1 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> can kill fish.<br />
<br />
Although plants can absorb ammonia from the water to some degree, nitrates are assimilated more easily,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup> thereby efficiently reducing the toxicity of the water for fish.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Ammonia can be converted into other nitrogenous compounds through healthy populations of:<br />
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosomonas" title="Nitrosomonas">Nitrosomonas</a></i>: bacteria that convert ammonia into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>, and</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrobacter" title="Nitrobacter">Nitrobacter</a></i>: bacteria that convert nitrites into nitrates.</li>
</ul>
<br />
In an aquaponics system, the bacteria responsible for this process form a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>
on all solid surfaces throughout the system that are in constant
contact with the water. The submerged roots of the vegetables combined
have a large surface area where many bacteria can accumulate.<br />
<br />
Together
with the concentrations of ammonia and nitrites in the water, the
surface area determines the speed with which nitrification takes place.
Care for these bacterial colonies is important as to regulate the full
assimilation of ammonia and nitrite.<br />
<br />
This is why most aquaponics systems
include a biofiltering unit, which helps facilitate growth of these <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>. Typically, after a system has stabilized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> levels range from 0.25 to 2.0 ppm; nitrite levels range from 0.25 to 1 ppm, and nitrate levels range from 2 to 150 ppm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
During system startup, spikes may occur in the levels of ammonia (up to
6.0 ppm) and nitrite (up to 15 ppm), with nitrate levels peaking later
in the startup phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
Since the nitrification process acidifies the water, non-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> bases such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> can be added for neutralizing the water's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup>
if insufficient quantities are naturally present in the water to
provide a buffer against acidification.<br />
<br />
In addition, selected minerals
or nutrients such as iron can be added in addition to the fish waste
that serves as the main source of nutrients to plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
A good way to deal with solids buildup in aquaponics is the use of
worms, which liquefy the solid organic matter so that it can be utilized
by the plants and/or other animals in the system. For a worm-only
growing method, please see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiponics" title="Vermiponics">Vermiponics</a>.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Operation">Operation</span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Operation"> </span></h2>
The five main inputs to the system are water, oxygen, light, feed
given to the aquatic animals, and electricity to pump, filter, and
oxygenate the water. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_%28biology%29" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">fry</a>
may be added to replace grown fish that are taken out from the system
to retain a stable system. In terms of outputs, an aquaponics system may
continually yield plants such as vegetables grown in hydroponics, and
edible aquatic species raised in an aquaculture.<br />
<br />
Typical build ratios
are .5 to 1 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square foot</a>
of grow space for every 1 US gal (3.8 L) of aquaculture water in the
system. 1 US gal (3.8 L) of water can support between .5 lb (0.23 kg)
and 1 lb (0.45 kg) of fish stock depending on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a> and filtration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-purdue_27-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-purdue-27">[27]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Ten primary guiding principles for creating successful aquaponics
systems were issued by Dr. James Rakocy, the director of the aquaponics
research team at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="University of the Virgin Islands">University of the Virgin Islands</a>, based on extensive research done as part of the <i>Agricultural Experiment Station</i> aquaculture program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Use a feeding rate ratio for design calculations</li>
<li>Keep feed input relatively constant</li>
<li>Supplement with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">potassium</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" title="Iron">iron</a></li>
<li>Ensure good <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Remove solids</a></li>
<li>Be careful with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_Aggregate" title="Construction Aggregate">aggregates</a></li>
<li>Oversize pipes</li>
<li>Use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a></li>
<li>Ensure adequate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltration" title="Biofiltration">biofiltration</a></li>
<li>Control <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Feed_source"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Feed_source">Feed source</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Feed_source"> </span></h3>
As in all aquaculture based systems, stock feed usually consists of
fish meal derived from lower-value species. Ongoing depletion of wild
fish stocks makes this practice unsustainable.<br />
<br />
Organic fish feeds may
prove to be a viable alternative that relieves this concern. Other
alternatives include growing <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnaoideae" title="Lemnaoideae">duckweed</a> with an aquaponics system that feeds the same fish grown on the system,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> excess worms grown from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculture" title="Vermiculture">vermiculture</a> composting, using prepared kitchen scraps,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> as well as growing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">black soldier fly</a> larvae to feed to the fish using composting grub growers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_31-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-New_York_Times-31">[31]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Water_usage">Water usage</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Water_usage"> </span></h3>
Aquaponic systems do not typically discharge or exchange water under
normal operation, but instead recirculate and reuse water very
effectively. The system relies on the relationship between the animals
and the plants to maintain a stable aquatic environment that experience a
minimum of fluctuation in ambient nutrient and oxygen levels.<br />
<br />
Water is
added only to replace water loss from absorption and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> by plants, evaporation into the air from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>, overflow from the system from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a>,
and removal of biomass such as settled solid wastes from the system.<br />
<br />
As
a result, aquaponics uses approximately 2% of the water that a
conventionally irrigated farm requires for the same vegetable
production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
This allows for aquaponic production of both crops and fish in areas
where water or fertile land is scarce.<br />
<br />
Aquaponic systems can also be
used to replicate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlands#Treatment_wetland" title="Constructed wetlands">controlled wetland</a> conditions. Constructed wetlands can be useful for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltration#Wastewater" title="Biofiltration">biofiltration</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Constructed_wetlands" title="Sewage treatment">treatment</a> of typical household <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The nutrient-filled overflow water can be accumulated in catchment
tanks, and reused to accelerate growth of crops planted in soil, or it
may be pumped back into the aquaponic system to top up the water level.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_usage">Energy usage</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_usage"> </span></h3>
Aquaponic installations rely in varying degrees on man-made energy,
technological solutions, and environmental control to achieve re-circulation and water/ambient temperatures.<br />
<br />
However, if a system is
designed with energy conservation in mind, using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_energy" title="Alternative energy">alternative energy</a>
and a reduced number of pumps by letting the water flow downwards as
much as possible, it can be highly energy efficient.<br />
<br />
While careful
design can minimize the risk, aquaponics systems can have multiple
'single points of failure' where problems such as an electrical failure
or a pipe blockage can lead to a complete loss of fish stock.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_aquaponics" title="Saltwater aquaponics">Saltwater aquaponics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-54256329734313305382015-07-28T18:47:00.002-07:002016-02-04T08:23:38.915-08:00Aquaponics Start to Finish<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zA8S6umoC34" width="480"></iframe></div>
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<br />
<b>Aquaponics</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/ short 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">food production</a> system that combines conventional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> (raising <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a> such as snails, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a> in tanks) with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a> (cultivating plants in water) in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> environment.<br />
<br />
In normal aquaculture, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretions</a>
from the animals being raised can accumulate in the water, increasing
toxicity. In an aquaponic system, water from an aquaculture system is
fed to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponic</a> system where the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-products</a> are broken down by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> into <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrates" title="Nitrates">nitrates</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrites" title="Nitrites">nitrites</a>, which are utilized by the plants as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrients" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a>. The water is then recirculated back to the aquaculture system.<br />
<br />
As existing hydroponic and aquaculture farming techniques form the
basis for all aquaponics systems, the size, complexity, and types of
foods grown in an aquaponics system can vary as much as any system found
in either distinct farming discipline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI_1-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI-1">[1]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI_1-0"> </sup><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portable_fish_farm_at_growing_power.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2304" data-file-width="3072" height="188" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portable_fish_farm_at_growing_power.jpg/250px-Portable_fish_farm_at_growing_power.jpg" width="250" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
A small, portable aquaponics system. The term <i>aquaponics</i> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the terms <i>aquaculture</i> and <i>hydroponic</i>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_hydroculture" title="Historical hydroculture">Historical hydroculture</a></div>
Aquaponics has ancient roots, although there is some debate on its first occurrence:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> cultivated agricultural islands known as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampas</a></i> in a system considered by some to be the first form of aquaponics for agricultural use<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boutwelluc_2-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-Boutwelluc-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
where plants were raised on stationary (and sometime movable) islands
in lake shallows and waste materials dredged from the Chinampa canals
and surrounding cities were used to manually irrigate the plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Boutwelluc_2-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-Boutwelluc-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li>
<li>South <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> who cultivated and farmed rice in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> in combination with fish are cited as examples of early aquaponics systems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> These <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polycultural</a> farming systems existed in many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far Eastern</a> countries and raised fish such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misgurnus_anguillicaudatus" title="Misgurnus anguillicaudatus">oriental loach</a> (泥鳅, ドジョウ),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopterus_albus" title="Monopterus albus">swamp eel</a> (黄鳝, 田鰻), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">Common</a> (鯉魚, コイ) and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian carp</a> (鯽魚) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> as well as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparidae" title="Viviparidae">pond snails</a> (田螺) in the paddies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mcmurtry1988_8-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-mcmurtry1988-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<br />
Floating aquaponics systems on polycultural fish ponds were installed
in China in more recent years on a large scale growing rice, wheat and
canna lily and other crops,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> with some installations exceeding 2.5 acres (10,000 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><br />
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UVIAquaponicSystem.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="720" data-file-width="1080" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/UVIAquaponicSystem.jpg/220px-UVIAquaponicSystem.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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Diagram of the University of the Virgin Islands commercial aquaponics system designed to yield 5 metric tons of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a> per year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI1_12-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI1-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
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The development of modern aquaponics is often attributed to the various works of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Alchemy_Institute" title="New Alchemy Institute">New Alchemy Institute</a> and the works of Dr. Mark McMurtry et al. at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI2_13-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI2-13">[13]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Inspired by the successes of the New Alchemy Institute, and the
reciprocating aquaponics techniques developed by Dr. Mark McMurtry et
al., other institutes soon followed suit. Starting in 1997, Dr. James
Rakocy and his colleagues at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="University of the Virgin Islands">University of the Virgin Islands</a> researched and developed the use of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_water_culture" title="Deep water culture">deep water culture</a> hydroponic grow beds in a large-scale aquaponics system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UVI1_12-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-UVI1-12">[12]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The first aquaponics research in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> was a small system added onto existing aquaculture research at a research station in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.
Canada saw a rise in aquaponics setups throughout the ’90s,
predominantly as commercial installations raising high-value crops such
as trout and lettuce.<br />
<br />
A setup based on the deep water system developed
at the University of Virgin Islands was built in a greenhouse at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks,_Alberta" title="Brooks, Alberta">Brooks, Alberta</a>
where Dr. Nick Savidov and colleagues researched aquaponics from a
background of plant science.<br />
<br />
The team made findings on rapid root growth
in aquaponics systems and on closing the solid-waste loop, and found
that owing to certain advantages in the system over traditional
aquaculture, the system can run well at a low pH level, which is
favoured by plants but not fish.<br />
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Vegetable production part of the low-cost Backyard Aquaponics System developed at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Agricultural_University" title="Bangladesh Agricultural University">Bangladesh Agricultural University</a><br />
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The Caribbean island of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>
created an initiative to start aquaponics systems at home, with revenue
generated by selling produce to tourists in an effort to reduce growing
dependence on imported food.<br />
<br />
In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">world's most densely populated country</a>, most farmers use <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemicals" title="Agrochemicals">agrochemicals</a>
to enhance food production and storage life, though the country lacks
oversight on safe levels of chemicals in foods for human consumption.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><br />
<br />
To combat this issue a team led by Professor Dr. M.A. Salam at the Department of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Agricultural_University" title="Bangladesh Agricultural University">Bangladesh Agricultural University</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>
has created plans for a low-cost aquaponics system to provide
chemical-free produce and fish for people living in adverse climatic
conditions such as the salinity-prone southern area and the flood-prone <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haor" title="Haor">haor</a> area in the eastern region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Dr. Salam's work innovates a form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farming</a>
for micro-production goals at the community and personal levels whereas
design work by Chowdhury and Graff was aimed exclusively at the
commercial level, the latter of the two approaches take advantage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>.<br />
<br />
With more than a third of Palestinian agricultural lands in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> turned into a buffer zone by Israel, an aquaponic gardening system is developed appropriate for use on rooftops in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><br />
<br />
There has been a shift towards community integration of aquaponics, such as the nonprofit foundation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Power" title="Growing Power">Growing Power</a> that offers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>
youth job opportunities and training while growing food for their
community.<br />
<br />
The model has spawned several satellite projects in other
cities, such as New Orleans where the Vietnamese fisherman community has
suffered from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon oil spill</a>, and in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<a class="external text" href="http://whisperingroots.org/" rel="nofollow">Whispering Roots</a> is a non-profit organization in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>
that provides fresh, locally grown, healthy food for socially and
economically disadvantaged communities by using aquaponics, hydroponics
and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_farming" title="Urban farming">urban farming</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In addition, aquaponic gardeners from all around the world have
gathered in online community sites and forums to share their experiences
and promote the development of this form of gardening<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> as well as creating extensive resources on how to build home systems.<br />
<br />
Recently, aquaponics has been moving towards indoor production
systems. In cities like Chicago, entrepreneurs are utilizing vertical
designs to grow food year round. These systems can be used to grow food
year round with minimal to no waste. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Components">Components</span></h2>
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A commercial aquaponics system. An electric pump moves <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">effluent</a> rich water from the fish tank through a solids filter to remove particles the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants" title="Plants">plants</a> above cannot absorb. </div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> then provides nutrients for the plants and is cleansed before returning to the fish tank below where the process repeats.<br />
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Aquaponics consists of two main parts, with the aquaculture part for
raising aquatic animals and the hydroponics part for growing plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Aquatic effluents, resulting from uneaten feed or raising animals like
fish, accumulate in water due to the closed-system recirculation of most
aquaculture systems. The effluent-rich water becomes toxic to the
aquatic animal in high concentrations but this contain <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrients" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> essential for plant growth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Although consisting primarily of these two parts, aquaponics systems
are usually grouped into several components or subsystems responsible
for the effective removal of solid wastes, for adding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_%28chemistry%29" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> to neutralize <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a>, or for maintaining <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_aeration" title="Water aeration">water oxygenation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Typical components include:<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Rearing tank</i>: the tanks for raising and feeding the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>;</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></i>: a unit for catching uneaten food and detached <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a>, and for settling out fine particulates;</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">Biofilter</a></i>: a place where the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> can grow and convert <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, which are usable by the plants;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Hydroponics subsystem</i>: the portion of the system where plants are grown by absorbing excess nutrients from the water;</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a></i>: the lowest point in the system where the water flows to and from which it is pumped back to the rearing tanks.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Depending on the sophistication and cost of the aquaponics system,
the units for solids removal, biofiltration, and/or the hydroponics
subsystem may be combined into one unit or subsystem,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup> which prevents the water from flowing directly from the aquaculture part of the system to the hydroponics part.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Plants:_hydroponics">Plants: hydroponics</span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></div>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizofiltration" title="Rhizofiltration">Rhizofiltration</a><br />
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CDC_South_Aquaponics_Raft_Tank_1_2010-07-17.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2448" data-file-width="3264" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/CDC_South_Aquaponics_Raft_Tank_1_2010-07-17.jpg/220px-CDC_South_Aquaponics_Raft_Tank_1_2010-07-17.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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A Deep Water Culture hydroponics system where plant grow directly into the effluent rich water without a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>
medium. </div>
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Plants can be spaced closer together because the roots do not
need to expand outwards to support the weight of the plant.<br />
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquaponics_with_Vibrantly_Colored_Plants.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="1024" height="330" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aquaponics_with_Vibrantly_Colored_Plants.jpg/220px-Aquaponics_with_Vibrantly_Colored_Plants.jpg" width="220" /></a>
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Plant placed into a nutrient rich water channel in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_film_technique" title="Nutrient film technique">Nutrient film technique</a> (NFT) system<br />
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Plants are grown as in hydroponics systems, with their roots immersed
in the nutrient-rich effluent water. This enables them to filter out
the ammonia that is toxic to the aquatic animals, or its metabolites.<br />
<br />
After the water has passed through the hydroponic subsystem, it is
cleaned and oxygenated, and can return to the aquaculture vessels. This
cycle is continuous. Common aquaponic applications of hydroponic systems
include:<br />
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_water_culture" title="Deep water culture">Deep-water raft</a> aquaponics</i>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoam" title="Styrofoam">styrofoam</a> rafts floating in a relatively deep aquaculture basin in troughs.</li>
<li><i>Recirculating aquaponics</i>: solid media such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> beads, held in a container that is flooded with water from the aquaculture. This type of aquaponics is also known as <i>closed-loop aquaponics</i>.</li>
<li><i>Reciprocating aquaponics</i>: solid media in a container that is
alternately flooded and drained utilizing different types of siphon
drains. This type of aquaponics is also known as <i>flood-and-drain aquaponics</i> or <i>ebb-and-flow aquaponics</i>.</li>
<li>Other systems use towers that are trickle-fed from the top, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_film_technique" title="Nutrient film technique">nutrient film technique</a> channels, horizontal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> pipes with holes for the pots, plastic barrels cut in half with gravel or rafts in them. Each approach has its own benefits.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<br />
Most green <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetables</a> grow well in the hydroponic subsystem, although most profitable are varieties of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">chinese cabbage</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe" title="Cantaloupe">cantaloupe</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">bell peppers</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Other species of vegetables that grow well in an aquaponic system include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">kohlrabi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress" title="Watercress">watercress</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radishes" title="Radishes">radishes</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragaria" title="Fragaria">strawberries</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon" title="Melon">melons</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsnip" title="Parsnip">parsnips</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbs" title="Herbs">herbs</a>.<br />
<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
Since plants at different growth stages require different amounts of
minerals and nutrients, plant harvesting is staggered with seedings
growing at the same time as mature plants. This ensures stable nutrient
content in the water because of continuous symbiotic cleansing of toxins
from the water.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Animals:_aquaculture">Animals: aquaculture</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Animals:_aquaculture"> </span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aquaponics_with_catfish.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1024" data-file-width="1536" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Aquaponics_with_catfish.jpg/220px-Aquaponics_with_catfish.jpg" width="220" /></a>
<br />
<div class="thumbcaption">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;">
<div class="thumbcaption">
Filtered water from the hydroponics system drains into a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> tank for re-circulation.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a><br />
<br />
</div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
</div>
Freshwater fish are the most common aquatic animal raised using
aquaponics, although freshwater crayfish and prawns are also sometimes
used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><br />
<br />
In practice, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> are the most popular fish for home and commercial projects that are intended to raise edible fish, although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barramundi" title="Barramundi">barramundi</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidyanus_bidyanus" title="Bidyanus bidyanus">silver perch</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel-tailed_catfish" title="Eel-tailed catfish">eel-tailed catfish</a> or tandanus catfish, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_perch" title="Jade perch">jade perch</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_cod" title="Murray cod">Murray cod</a> are also used.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-2"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup><br />
<br />
For temperate climates when there isn't ability or desire to maintain water temperature, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluegill" title="Bluegill">bluegill</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a> are suitable fish species for home systems. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi" title="Koi">Koi</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfish" title="Goldfish">goldfish</a> may also be used, if the fish in the system need not be edible.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bacteria">Bacteria</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Bacteria"> </span></h3>
<div class="hatnote">
Further information: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_Cycle" title="Nitrogen Cycle">Nitrogen Cycle</a></div>
<div class="hatnote">
</div>
Nitrification, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a>
conversion of ammonia into nitrates, is one of the most important
functions in an aquaponics system as it reduces the toxicity of the
water for fish, and allows the resulting nitrate compounds to be removed
by the plants for nourishment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-5"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Ammonia is steadily released into the water through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreta</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>
of fish as a product of their metabolism, but must be filtered out of
the water since higher concentrations of ammonia (commonly between 0.5
and 1 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parts_per_million" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> can kill fish.<br />
<br />
Although plants can absorb ammonia from the water to some degree, nitrates are assimilated more easily,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ncat_23-3"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-ncat-23">[23]</a></sup> thereby efficiently reducing the toxicity of the water for fish.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Ammonia can be converted into other nitrogenous compounds through healthy populations of:<br />
<ul>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosomonas" title="Nitrosomonas">Nitrosomonas</a></i>: bacteria that convert ammonia into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>, and</li>
<li><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrobacter" title="Nitrobacter">Nitrobacter</a></i>: bacteria that convert nitrites into nitrates.</li>
</ul>
<br />
In an aquaponics system, the bacteria responsible for this process form a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>
on all solid surfaces throughout the system that are in constant
contact with the water. The submerged roots of the vegetables combined
have a large surface area where many bacteria can accumulate.<br />
<br />
Together
with the concentrations of ammonia and nitrites in the water, the
surface area determines the speed with which nitrification takes place.
Care for these bacterial colonies is important as to regulate the full
assimilation of ammonia and nitrite.<br />
<br />
This is why most aquaponics systems
include a biofiltering unit, which helps facilitate growth of these <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>. Typically, after a system has stabilized <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> levels range from 0.25 to 2.0 ppm; nitrite levels range from 0.25 to 1 ppm, and nitrate levels range from 2 to 150 ppm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
During system startup, spikes may occur in the levels of ammonia (up to
6.0 ppm) and nitrite (up to 15 ppm), with nitrate levels peaking later
in the startup phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br />
<br />
Since the nitrification process acidifies the water, non-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> bases such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> can be added for neutralizing the water's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-7"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup>
if insufficient quantities are naturally present in the water to
provide a buffer against acidification.<br />
<br />
In addition, selected minerals
or nutrients such as iron can be added in addition to the fish waste
that serves as the main source of nutrients to plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-srac_22-8"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-srac-22">[22]</a></sup><br />
<br />
A good way to deal with solids buildup in aquaponics is the use of
worms, which liquefy the solid organic matter so that it can be utilized
by the plants and/or other animals in the system. For a worm-only
growing method, please see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiponics" title="Vermiponics">Vermiponics</a>.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Operation">Operation</span></h2>
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Operation"> </span></h2>
The five main inputs to the system are water, oxygen, light, feed
given to the aquatic animals, and electricity to pump, filter, and
oxygenate the water. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_%28biology%29" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">fry</a>
may be added to replace grown fish that are taken out from the system
to retain a stable system. In terms of outputs, an aquaponics system may
continually yield plants such as vegetables grown in hydroponics, and
edible aquatic species raised in an aquaculture.<br />
<br />
Typical build ratios
are .5 to 1 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square foot</a>
of grow space for every 1 US gal (3.8 L) of aquaculture water in the
system. 1 US gal (3.8 L) of water can support between .5 lb (0.23 kg)
and 1 lb (0.45 kg) of fish stock depending on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a> and filtration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-purdue_27-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-purdue-27">[27]</a></sup><br />
<br />
Ten primary guiding principles for creating successful aquaponics
systems were issued by Dr. James Rakocy, the director of the aquaponics
research team at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="University of the Virgin Islands">University of the Virgin Islands</a>, based on extensive research done as part of the <i>Agricultural Experiment Station</i> aquaculture program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Use a feeding rate ratio for design calculations</li>
<li>Keep feed input relatively constant</li>
<li>Supplement with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">potassium</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron#Biological_role" title="Iron">iron</a></li>
<li>Ensure good <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Remove solids</a></li>
<li>Be careful with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_Aggregate" title="Construction Aggregate">aggregates</a></li>
<li>Oversize pipes</li>
<li>Use <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">biological pest control</a></li>
<li>Ensure adequate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltration" title="Biofiltration">biofiltration</a></li>
<li>Control <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Feed_source"> </span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Feed_source">Feed source</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Feed_source"> </span></h3>
As in all aquaculture based systems, stock feed usually consists of
fish meal derived from lower-value species. Ongoing depletion of wild
fish stocks makes this practice unsustainable.<br />
<br />
Organic fish feeds may
prove to be a viable alternative that relieves this concern. Other
alternatives include growing <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnaoideae" title="Lemnaoideae">duckweed</a> with an aquaponics system that feeds the same fish grown on the system,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> excess worms grown from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiculture" title="Vermiculture">vermiculture</a> composting, using prepared kitchen scraps,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> as well as growing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">black soldier fly</a> larvae to feed to the fish using composting grub growers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_31-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-New_York_Times-31">[31]</a></sup><br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Water_usage">Water usage</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Water_usage"> </span></h3>
Aquaponic systems do not typically discharge or exchange water under
normal operation, but instead recirculate and reuse water very
effectively. The system relies on the relationship between the animals
and the plants to maintain a stable aquatic environment that experience a
minimum of fluctuation in ambient nutrient and oxygen levels.<br />
<br />
Water is
added only to replace water loss from absorption and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> by plants, evaporation into the air from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>, overflow from the system from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a>,
and removal of biomass such as settled solid wastes from the system.<br />
<br />
As
a result, aquaponics uses approximately 2% of the water that a
conventionally irrigated farm requires for the same vegetable
production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
This allows for aquaponic production of both crops and fish in areas
where water or fertile land is scarce.<br />
<br />
Aquaponic systems can also be
used to replicate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlands#Treatment_wetland" title="Constructed wetlands">controlled wetland</a> conditions. Constructed wetlands can be useful for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofiltration#Wastewater" title="Biofiltration">biofiltration</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment#Constructed_wetlands" title="Sewage treatment">treatment</a> of typical household <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup><br />
<br />
The nutrient-filled overflow water can be accumulated in catchment
tanks, and reused to accelerate growth of crops planted in soil, or it
may be pumped back into the aquaponic system to top up the water level.<br />
<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_usage">Energy usage</span></h3>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline" id="Energy_usage"> </span></h3>
Aquaponic installations rely in varying degrees on man-made energy,
technological solutions, and environmental control to achieve
recirculation and water/ambient temperatures.<br />
<br />
However, if a system is
designed with energy conservation in mind, using <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_energy" title="Alternative energy">alternative energy</a>
and a reduced number of pumps by letting the water flow downwards as
much as possible, it can be highly energy efficient.<br />
<br />
While careful
design can minimize the risk, aquaponics systems can have multiple
'single points of failure' where problems such as an electrical failure
or a pipe blockage can lead to a complete loss of fish stock.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampa</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_aquaponics" title="Saltwater aquaponics">Saltwater aquaponics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-65706752656318616962015-06-28T19:57:00.000-07:002016-02-04T00:28:35.960-08:00Small-Scale Aquaponics System~ "For Hobbyists/Beginners"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/IVSEmwY2u0I" width="459"></iframe></div>
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<a class=" yt-uix-sessionlink spf-link g-hovercard" data-name="" data-sessionlink="ei=EbOQVZOtBdGZuAK10ZDACw" data-ytid="UC17cRT7p8Eh_ytdGd_wG37A" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC17cRT7p8Eh_ytdGd_wG37A">Larry Athey</a><br />
<div id="watch-uploader-info">
<b class="watch-time-text">Published on Oct 11, 2014</b></div>
<div id="watch-uploader-info">
</div>
<div class="" id="watch-description-text">
<div id="eow-description">
Small-Scale
Aquaponics System for the indoor hobbyist/beginner that anybody can
build for under $500.</div>
<div id="eow-description">
<br /></div>
<div id="eow-description">
So simple that it will actually work totally by
accident. Grow herbs and salad greens year-round in 16 square feet of
space for about $8 per month in electricity, water and fish food.</div>
<div id="eow-description">
<br />
<br />
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TTFN<br />
CYA Later Taters!<br />
Thanks for stopping by.<br />
<br />
Donnie/Sinbad the Sailor Man<br />
<br />
P.S. Sweet Sixteen My Breakout Year's Hottest and Fastest Growing Biz Op? Do You Want In? If You Do! <a href="https://b2.trafficauthority.net/cp1/donald7569" target="_blank">Click Here and Sign Up!</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-12225188188735090152015-06-28T19:51:00.001-07:002016-02-04T00:29:26.924-08:00Endless Fish & Vegetables With Aquaponics~ "Prepper Fest Arizona"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fB_LUqn0yDU" width="480"></iframe></div>
</div>
<br />
<a class=" yt-uix-sessionlink spf-link g-hovercard" data-name="" data-sessionlink="ei=5q6QVcPMMsbquAK1_ILACQ" data-ytid="UC0XhpD4KsvEjNVnLeqivM4A" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0XhpD4KsvEjNVnLeqivM4A">mixflip</a><br />
<div id="watch-uploader-info">
<b class="watch-time-text">Published on Oct 28, 2014</b></div>
<div id="watch-uploader-info">
</div>
I
was extremely impressed with this Aquaponic system of providing fish
protein and vegetables in a self contained low maintenance package. <br />
<br />
You could fit the entry level "Genesis" system on any patio or backyard.<br />
<br />
<div id="content">
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
<h2 class="wsite-content-title" style="text-align: left;">
About Endless Food Systems....</h2>
We
are the OEM for our kits. </div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
</div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
We manufacture them out of our warehouse at
1725 W Williams Dr in Phoenix Arizona. </div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
</div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
While we wish we could say we
have 50 years experience with Aquaponics, the truth is no one can make
that statement since modern Aquaponics has only been around since the
late 1990's. </div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
</div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
We are 3rd generation farmers and have a passion for
researching and testing the latest techniques. The president of Endless
Food Systems is Chad Hudspeth. </div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
</div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
His father currently operates Hudspeth
Farms, <a href="http://youtu.be/FUsM76N90RA" target="_blank" title="">http://youtu.be/FUsM76N90RA</a> & <a href="http://www.hudspethfarm.com/" target="_blank" title="">http://www.hudspethfarm.com/</a>.</div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
</div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
Hudspeth Farms is located in North Texas on family land that has been
passed down through the generations. </div>
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
A commercial Aquaponics system was
recently installed there to help provide some of the specialty
vegetables the chef's in Dallas are demanding.<br />
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block; text-align: left;">
<br />
In 2011 we had the privilege to attend the very beginning of the
Aquaponics Association in Orlando Fl. There we met some of the movers
and shakers in our industry including Murray Hallam of Practical
Aquaponics Austrailia: </div>
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block; text-align: left;">
</div>
<div>
<div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin " style="margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">
<img alt="Picture" src="http://www.endlessfoodsystems.com/uploads/1/3/7/7/13778055/1013817_orig.jpg?0" style="max-width: 1071px; width: 100%;" />
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: left;">
From left to right: Chad
Hudspeth, Murray Hallam, Dale Hudspeth & Linda Hudspeth. </div>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: left;">
It was a
great week of learning and visiting the local Aquaponic farms in the
Orlando area. </div>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: left;">
We proudly support the Aquaponics Association and
encourage you to become a member & get involved! </div>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: left;">
It is through
organizations like it that the word about Aquaponics can spread
throughout the world....and why is that so important? </div>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="text-align: left;">
We truly believe
if enough people learn of this growing technique it WILL end WORLD
HUNGER. That is a bold statement but it is the truth. Go here to learn
more about the association: <a href="http://aquaponicsassociation.org/" title="">http://aquaponicsassociation.org/</a>.</div>
<h2>
Main Location: Phoenix, Arizona</h2>
<span class="imgPusher" style="float: left; height: 0px;"></span><span style="clear: left; float: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-top: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 10;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img alt="Picture" class="wsite-image galleryImageBorder" src="http://www.endlessfoodsystems.com/uploads/1/3/7/7/13778055/9753799.jpg?299" style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 5px;" /></a></span>
<br />
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block;">
<br />
Our main
manufacturing & shipping center is located in Phoenix AZ. We strive
to continually deliver cutting edge, simplistic kits to enable the
common man to become self sufficient. <br />
<br />
As
the USA stares at an un-certain future where only a few absolute
truths can be known, (one being that the dollar WILL become less
valuable thereby raising the price of food), it has never been more
important to become food self sufficient. Join us in the
food revolution! </div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div id="content">
<div class="wsite-elements wsite-not-footer" id="wsite-content">
<h2 class="wsite-content-title" style="text-align: left;">
Aquaponics Explained....</h2>
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block;">
Endless Food Systems
uses a unique process called Aquaponics. It is the combination of
Aquaculture (raising fish) with Hydroponics (growing plants without
soil). </div>
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block;">
The fish produce waste which is then pumped up into the grow bed
where the plants are. </div>
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block;">
The plants use up the fish waste as it is a
perfect food for them and the water is returned to the fish tank now
purified. </div>
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block;">
</div>
<div class="paragraph" style="display: block;">
There are several bacteria processes that take place and if
you would like more details, please go to the page called Technical
Info. </div>
<div>
<div class="wsite-image wsite-image-border-thin " style="margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">
<img alt="Picture" src="http://www.endlessfoodsystems.com/uploads/1/3/7/7/13778055/7698516_orig.jpg" style="max-width: 630px; width: 100%;" />
</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
The above illustration is a simple explanation
for how the system works. </div>
<div class="paragraph">
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
While Aquaponics is actually very complex
with many facets, hopefully this will give you a foundational
understanding. </div>
<div class="paragraph">
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
The water from the fish tank is pumped into a grow bed
that contains gravel or hydroton (clay pebbles). </div>
<div class="paragraph">
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
The grow bed acts as a
Bio-Filter that converts the Ammonia fish waste into a Nitrate food
that the plants can use. </div>
<div class="paragraph">
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
The low current draw water pump runs 24 hours a
day and when the grow bed is filled up, a specially designed Auto
Siphon triggers the bed to quickly drain. </div>
<div class="paragraph">
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
In this way, the bed fills
about every 45 minutes and as the water drains it pulls oxygen into the
bed & roots of the plants. </div>
<div class="paragraph">
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
Earth worms are also a vital part of the
grow bed, they breakdown & transform large waste particles into the
most fantastic plant food imaginable! <br />
<br />
While
there are many variables and considerations required to design a proper
system, you can rest assured our Endless Food System kits are
engineered for maximum performance. </div>
<div class="paragraph">
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
Years of testing,
research and hands on experience has enabled us to offer to you a
perfectly sized & balanced kit with an easy to follow guide on how
to maintain your own high production system.</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
Source: <a href="http://www.endlessfoodsytems.com/" target="_blank">www.endlessfoodsytems.com</a><br />
<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
The Man Inside the Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
from</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Sinbad the Sailor Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
A</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
JMK's Production</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="mailto:jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com">jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com</a></div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
TTFN<br />
CYA Later Taters!<br />
Thanks for stopping by.<br />
<br />
Donnie/Sinbad the Sailor Man<br />
<br />
P.S. Sweet Sixteen My Breakout Year's Hottest and Fastest Growing Biz Op? Do You Want In? If You Do! <a href="https://b2.trafficauthority.net/cp1/donald7569" target="_blank">Click Here and Sign Up!</a></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-69369290725776519172015-06-28T19:30:00.000-07:002016-02-04T00:30:15.084-08:00Off Grid Homestead Aquaponics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="270" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/F3W03YlClmQ" width="480"></iframe></div>
</div>
<a class=" yt-uix-sessionlink spf-link g-hovercard" data-name="" data-sessionlink="ei=UqqQVYbzHMqTuALboJCAAg" data-ytid="UClq9VRlcAKl_hwj_3azl53A" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClq9VRlcAKl_hwj_3azl53A">Zachary Bauer</a><br />
<div id="watch-uploader-info">
<b class="watch-time-text">Published on May 26, 2014</b></div>
<div id="watch-uploader-info">
</div>
<div class="" id="watch-description-text">
<div id="eow-description">
Here
is our walk through of our homestead Aquaponics system. Its fully
operational and this spring is getting off to a great start. We are
using goldfish to jump start the system and will be switching them out
with Bluegill coming up soon. Leave questions or comments below and I
will "try" to answer them.</div>
<div id="eow-description">
<br /></div>
<div id="eow-description">
<a href="http://myaquafarm.com/" target="_blank">My aquafarm.com</a></div>
<div id="eow-description">
<br /></div>
Please allow me to share a little history and some information about me and the path that has led to the <b>My AquaFarm</b><b>™ Aquaponics System</b>.<br />
<br />
This system is the first consumer grade system offered by <b>Hughey Aquafarm</b>
and is backed by 10 years of experience actually doing Aquaponics.<br />
<br />
It’s the first of it’s kind that I know of that can be shipped flat and
easily assembled on site. I built my first Aquaponics system in 2003
using blue plastic barrels cut lengthwise as grow-beds.<br />
<br />
In an effort to
reduce the technological complexity of current systems at the time and
hope to make it possible to be done in developing countries I invented
the Barrel-Ponics® Flood Valve system in 2004 using a manual flood and
drain control system which spawned a whole generation of backyard Aquaponics enthusiasts in America and the world.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.myaquafarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/aqua1.jpg"><img alt="aqua1" class="alignright size-medium wp-image-93" src="http://www.myaquafarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/aqua1-300x168.jpg" height="168" width="300" /></a><br />
<br />
The Barrel-Ponics® system was the first to popularize using recycled
plastic drums and was an attempt to educate as many people as possible
to this amazing agricultural technique with an easy to build system for
the “Do It Yourselfer’s” among us.<br />
<br />
After a year of use I released the
Barrel-Ponics® Manual in 2005 as a free 101 pg., step by step, “How To”
publication (the first I know of to do so) to help those who, otherwise,
could not afford even the information on this amazing food production
system.<br />
<br />
At that time Aquaponics systems were being produced, but geared
toward the commercial market and priced very high and far outside the
reach of common people who needed to just put food on the table.<br />
<br />
Ten’s
of thousands of Barrel-Ponics® manuals have been given away to date
worldwide and it is still available from my website
(http://www.fastonline.org) and other sites on the internet in an effort
to change that.<br />
<br />
My thanks to those who have helped in this endeavor. I have
personally built systems in America, Kenya, The Philippines, Lebanon,
China and Guatemala in an effort to alleviate hunger issues in the
world.<br />
<br />
This is one of the primary reasons I have not before released a
consumer product. I simply have been too busy traveling and sharing
this amazing information to the less fortunate as well as my family and I
hosting farm tours at our home and moderating the “Barrel-Ponics” yahoo
group.<br />
<br />
Some things have not changed in these past years though as most
offerings of complete Aquaponics systems, even today for the home
market, are priced way too high for the average family to afford, some
ranging from $1200.00 and up for very small capacity (some less than 8
sq. ft. (the Barrel-Ponics® system has 10 sq. ft.)) albeit some, quality
systems.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.myaquafarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/aqua3.jpg"><img alt="aqua3" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-95" src="http://www.myaquafarm.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/aqua3-300x168.jpg" height="168" width="300" /></a><br />
<br />
With
so many Aquaponics kits and systems out there for sale you might ask
why produce another?<br />
<br />
There are two primary reasons. First the price of
these systems has to be reduced in order for the masses to enjoy this
amazing technology. Second, while, as I mentioned before, there are
some good quality offerings in the market, there are those who hear of Aquaponics, see something someone else does, change it a bit and start
selling with little or no experience whatsoever.<br />
<br />
One would never know
that since everything on the internet is true, right? Yea right. They
make amazing claims and tell you what you want to hear to promote
themselves and get you to buy what they’re selling.<br />
<br />
Some even sell
systems before they have actually grown anything! They see aquaponics
as some “get rich quick” scheme. Personally I think this is basically
fraud. This will never be the case at Hughey Aquafarm!!<br />
<br />
My promise to you is every system we produce has been, and will be,
used to produce food for our family first before asking you to risk your
hard earned finances for some poorly constructed and thought out scheme
by some novice in this field.<br />
<br />
When I say produce for our family, I’m
not talking about simply a salad a month or something like that. I
talking about real food on a regular basis. This first <b>My AquaFarm</b><b>™ Aquaponics System</b>
is, after all, 16 sq. ft.<br />
<br />
I refuse to make claims on production levels
simply because your experience with this system will grow as your
capability to produce does. So many take a snapshot of their best
season and extrapolate that as a basis for production. It’s just not
real world!!<br />
<br />
As
with any form of agriculture, there is a learning curve here. I
simply will not be pulled into the false hype thing. I will be honest
and realistic.<br />
<br />
I will say though, you will be amazed the first time you
see plants springing up from gravel beds knowing the only nutrient they
get is from the water in your fish tank.<br />
<br />
You will also enjoy a deep
level of satisfaction that you are growing nutritious food for your
family you’re proud to serve, knowing how it’s been grown. That’s
something you can’t get picking food from a grocery store shelf!<br />
<br />
<div id="eow-description">
Source: <a href="http://myaquafarm.com/" target="_blank">My aquafarm.com</a></div>
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Somebody Come and Play Today! Earn as You Learn, Grow as You Go!<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
The Man Inside the Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
from</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Sinbad the Sailor Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
A</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
JMK's Production</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="mailto:jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com">jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.info/">Sinbadthesailorman.info</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.com/">Sinbadthesailorman.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.net/">Sinbadthesailorman.net</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.org/">Sinbadthesailorman.org</a></div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
TTFN<br />
CYA Later Taters!<br />
Thanks for stopping by.<br />
<br />
Donnie/Sinbad the Sailor Man<br />
<br />
P.S. Sweet Sixteen My Breakout Year's Hottest and Fastest Growing Biz Op? Do You Want In? If You Do! <a href="https://b2.trafficauthority.net/cp1/donald7569" target="_blank">Click Here and Sign Up!</a></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-76710884119385054982015-06-28T19:14:00.001-07:002016-02-04T00:31:02.834-08:00How to Build a Homemade DIY Aquaponics Garden Against a Concrete Wall<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/V-Iirc2dr3Q" width="459"></iframe></div>
</div>
<div id="watch-uploader-info">
<b class="watch-time-text"> </b><a class=" yt-uix-sessionlink spf-link g-hovercard" data-name="" data-sessionlink="ei=JKiQVc3GLcOKuAK3_oX4AQ" data-ytid="UCRsRUSNQCvgVPtW8BvnrbRQ" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRsRUSNQCvgVPtW8BvnrbRQ">Aceman307</a></div>
<div id="watch-uploader-info">
<b class="watch-time-text">Published on Jul 14, 2012</b></div>
<div class="" id="watch-description-text">
<div id="eow-description">
This
is the construction phase of my Aquaponics garden. Also check out my
videos on automating this garden and using solar power to augment power
consumption.</div>
</div>
<br />
Watch as a Do it Your Selfer creates his Aquponics system. I like it It fits nicely against the outer sides of the Concrete Wall. <br />
<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
The Man Inside the Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
from</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Sinbad the Sailor Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
A</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
JMK's Production</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="mailto:jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com">jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.info/">Sinbadthesailorman.info</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.com/">Sinbadthesailorman.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.net/">Sinbadthesailorman.net</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.org/">Sinbadthesailorman.org</a></div>
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TTFN<br />
CYA Later Taters!<br />
Thanks for stopping by.<br />
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<br />
P.S. Sweet Sixteen My Breakout Year's Hottest and Fastest Growing Biz Op? Do You Want In? If You Do! <a href="https://b2.trafficauthority.net/cp1/donald7569" target="_blank">Click Here and Sign Up!</a><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-25809411428435157562015-06-28T19:05:00.001-07:002015-06-28T19:05:38.875-07:00Aquaponics~ "Puerto Rico at Julio House" [Interesting plants]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Murray Hallam’s Practical Aquaponics offers consulting services on
all aspects of Aquaponics and integrated Aquaculture technology.
Serious home food production systems or Future Farms.<br />
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Our service extends from initial planning, site assessment and
feasibility studies, system design, plans and specifications, bill of
quantities right through to commissioning and follow up hand holding.<br />
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Particular attention is paid to marketing strategies.<br />
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Water Quality is a high priority in our designs.<br />
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maximum, nutrient dense plant production.<br />
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Our system designs are contemporary but kept as low tech as is
reasonably possible. Sustainability and environmental consciousness is a
very high priority.<br />
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Advices are provided on component and equipment procurement with a careful eye on quality and value.<br />
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Our services can be delivered by email, phone, Skype and face to face on site.<br />
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Practical Aquaponics services are based on actual experience.
As our name “Practical Aquaponics” suggests. If we haven’t done it,
tried it, implemented it or been involved in it before, we do not
recommend it.<br />
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Our systems work. Guaranteed.<br />
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International Ph +617 32000272 International Fx +617 32975154<br /></div>
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Murray Hallam Founder / Director of<br />
Practical Aquaponics Australia.<br />
& Founder C.E.O of<br />
Aquaponics Institute LLC USA.<br />
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<br />
Regards<br />
Murray Hallam<br />
Practical Aquaponics.<br />
<br />
Source: <a href="http://www.aquaponics.net.au/index.html" target="_blank">Practical Aquaponics</a><br />
<br />
TTFN<br />
CYA Later Taters!<br />
Thanks for stopping by.<br />
<br />
Donnie/ Sinbad the Sailor Man </div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-91897794901436160162015-05-23T23:23:00.005-07:002016-02-04T00:32:01.461-08:00Emmylou Harris~ "Mansion On The Hill"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OX9UTgnUeu8" width="459"></iframe></div>
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<br />
I created a New Blog @ Blogger.com a little while about Master Mind Groups and becoming a part of one. Check It Out! Look for the link it isin the side bar. Or click this here link.<br />
<a href="http://peoplevisionprocessplanningandsystems.blogspot.com/">http://peoplevisionprocessplanningandsystems.blogspot.com/</a> <br />
<br />
Whether your doing or growing a business or learning a specific topic. A Master Mind Group can be of great help.<br />
<br />
The one I was hooked up with there until I lost my housing again is what this Blog is basing much of itself on. I still think this Master Mind Group s like no other I have ever seen or experienced. They offer a lot of free stuff and have things to aid you and expand your understanding of How Big business minded Entrepreneurs think and work. <br />
<br />
I have Not spent the Time I was hoping to with this Blog Topic But I will be coming back to it shortly.<br />
<br />
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<b>Somebody Come and Play Today! Earn as You Learn, Grow as You Go!</b> </div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
The Man Inside the Man</div>
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from</div>
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<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.info/">Sinbadthesailorman.info</a></div>
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<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.com/">Sinbadthesailorman.com</a></div>
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<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.net/">Sinbadthesailorman.net</a></div>
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<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.org/">Sinbadthesailorman.org</a></div>
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<br />
TTFN<br />
CYA Later Taters!<br />
Thanks for stopping by.<br />
<br />
Donnie/Sinbad the Sailor Man<br />
<br />
P.S. Sweet Sixteen My Breakout Year's Hottest and Fastest Growing Biz Op? Do You Want In? If You Do! <a href="https://b2.trafficauthority.net/cp1/donald7569" target="_blank">Click Here and Sign Up!</a><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-44763151871287672002015-05-23T23:23:00.002-07:002016-02-04T00:32:44.369-08:00Unveiling The Truth~ #10: Interview With Archbishop Mark Grenon Of Genesis II Church of Health And Healing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unveiling The Truth #10<br />
Interview With Archbishop Mark Grenon Of Genesis II Church of Health And Healing<br />
2013-12-14<br />
<br />
MMS Treatment Field Test for Red Cross 100% success Rate. And then later The Red Cross recanted the results.<br />
<br />
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<b>Somebody Come and Play Today! Earn as You Learn, Grow as You Go!</b> </div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
The Man Inside the Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
from</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Sinbad the Sailor Man</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
A</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
JMK's Production</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="mailto:jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com">jmksbabydog2@yahoo.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
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<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.info/">Sinbadthesailorman.info</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.com/">Sinbadthesailorman.com</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.net/">Sinbadthesailorman.net</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://sinbadthesailorman.org/">Sinbadthesailorman.org</a></div>
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TTFN<br />
CYA Later Taters!<br />
Thanks for stopping by.<br />
<br />
Donnie/Sinbad the Sailor Man<br />
<br />
P.S. Sweet Sixteen My Breakout Year's Hottest and Fastest Growing Biz Op? Do You Want In? If You Do! <a href="https://b2.trafficauthority.net/cp1/donald7569" target="_blank">Click Here and Sign Up!</a><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-655884515259271446.post-742171456563127292014-12-19T10:50:00.000-08:002014-12-19T11:14:57.796-08:00Hey All How You Doing? Me I am a Little Better Now!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="font-family: BitstreamVeraSansRoman, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">
As I believe I have gotten the Site at Sinbadthesailorman Dot Com under control.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: BitstreamVeraSansRoman, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">
Here
is what the deal was my Hub and site “Sinbad The Sailor Man Dot Com”
was acting up and when I put a ticket in I found out It has been UN
supported for the last Year! But Now what is left of it and still up and
working is at <a data-mce-href="http://www.sinbadthesailorman.info" href="http://www.sinbadthesailorman.info/" style="color: black;" target="_blank" title="Old Dot Com Website">Sinbadthesailorman Dot Info.</a><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: BitstreamVeraSansRoman, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">
I
am currently Rebuilding the PW&OSfStSM Site at a WordPress Themed
Site. It will still be Hosted at Fatcow.com and It will have the
Original Dot Com address <a data-mce-href="http://www.sinbadthesailorman.com" href="http://www.sinbadthesailorman.com/" style="color: black;" target="_blank" title="The New Wordpress Under Construction!">Sinbadthesailorman.com.</a><br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: BitstreamVeraSansRoman, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">
The Dot Info should be Up but, It may not be <span data-mce-style="text-decoration: underline;" style="text-decoration: underline;"><b>Fully Functioning</b></span> not
even as well as It did Yesterday! And It will decline in functionality
as time goes by. There is nothing I can do about It as of today Its a
third party website builder for Fatcow and It is being phased out! But
like a way Back Site you'll be able to see what It is and was.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: BitstreamVeraSansRoman, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">
This
Post will be a site wide Posting and you will see It at all my sites
and on my FaceBook pages, Twitter.com, and wherever else I can think
about getting It up and then remember to do so.<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="font-family: PTSansItalic, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">
The New Wordpress Theme is Visible</h3>
<br />
<div style="font-family: BitstreamVeraSansRoman, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">
But
appears nothing like a Wordpress theme and It Won't for a good week and
a half most likely. But the Addresses of both sites are showing up as
Up and they are something and Bits and Pieces of both. They are not
completely restored and the Old Website won't be to my understanding as I
mentioned above here. So this is why I am putting this Info Out too you
all. So you don't think I built a bunch of totally useless crap and
slapped It up trying to make a buck.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: BitstreamVeraSansRoman, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">
Well
I got to Run because I am under the Gun Here and I need to try and save
the Christmas rush earnings ability If I can If Not Oh well It Looks
like Easter and St Valentines Day will be my next chance to earn with
Amazon.com and my other Affiliates.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<h3 style="font-family: PTSansItalic, Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px;">
<b>Stuff Happens and It will Happen When You Least Expect It! Especially If You Don't Stay On Top of Things!</b></h3>
<b><br /></b><b><br /></b><br />
<div style="font-family: BitstreamVeraSansRoman, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">
TTFN<br />
CYA Later Taters</div>
<div style="font-family: BitstreamVeraSansRoman, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;">
Donnie/Sinbad The Sailor Man</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03154186553103808848noreply@blogger.com0